114
M. B. Johnson and M. Mehrvar
Table 2 Reported variability of winery wastewater characteristics
Parameter
Unit
Range of values reported in
the literature
References
Conductivity
µS/cm
80
–
9700
[1, 4–7]
SAR
mEq/L
0.21
46.9
[1]
pH
–
2.5
–
12.9
[1–7]
BOD 5
mg/L
4
–
130,000
[1–7]
COD
mg/L
37
–
360,000
[2–7]
TS
mg/L
190
–
188,000
[2–7]
VS
mg/L
300
–
128,000
[2, 4, 5, 7]
TSS
mg/L
7
–
84,400
[2–7]
TKN
mg/L
0.51
–
14,300
[5]
TAN
mg/L
0.20
–
395
[5]
TP
mg/L
0.70
–
1120
[4, 5]
Al
mg/L
0.04
–
1030
[5]
Ca
mg/L
1.8
–
2203
[2, 5]
Cl −
mg/L
3.4
–
2290
[1, 5]
Fe
mg/L
0.17
–
335
[2, 5]
K
mg/L
1.3
–
8000
[2, 5]
Mg
mg/L
1.1
–
530
[2, 5]
Na
mg/L
1.0
–
1160
[2, 5]
Ni
mg/L
0.003
–
3.0
[2, 5]
Zn
mg/L
0.012
–
46.0
[2, 5, 6]
Cu
µg/L
3
–
29,600
[2, 5, 6]
Hg
µg/L
20
–
12,600
[5]
Mn
µg/L
100
–
61,000
[2, 5]
Pb
µg/L
5.0
–
2920
[2, 5]
Ni
µg/L
3.0
–
3000
[2, 5, 6]
Ethanol
mg/L
1000
5000
[3, 7]
Glucose
mg/L
0
–
2700
[7]
Fructose
mg/L
0
–
1500
[7]
Tartaric acid
mg/L
0
–
1260
[3, 7]
Malic acid
mg/L
0
–
70
[3, 7]
Lactic acid
mg/L
0
–
350
[3, 7]
Total phenolic compounds
mg/L
0.51
–
1450
[4, 6]
Notes Reference numbers refer to the following: 1. [13]; 2. [14]; 3. [16]; 4. [30]; 5. [36]; 6. [41]; 7.
[49]