15.9 Conclusion
347
15.9 Conclusion
The main polyester which can be sourced from the aquatic environment is cutin.
It is obtainable from aquatic plants. Aquatic plants have the advantage of a higher
productivity than terrestrial plants and therefore have potential as a more available
source of cutin. This biopolyester is one of the lesser explore biopolymers available
in the aquatic environment, and however, as discussed in the chapter, research studies
have explored applications of cutin in a range of applications such as packaging films
and UV sunscreens. Duckweed is one of the aquatic plants which have been explored
for cutin production with reliable availability globally.
References
Angst G, Heinrich L, Kogel-Knabner I, Muelle CW (2016) The fate of cutin and suberin of decaying
leaves, needles and roots—inferences from the initial decomposition of bound fatty acids. Org
Geochem 95:81–92
Borisjuk N, Peterson AA, Lv J, Qu G, Luo Q, Shi L, Chen G, Kishchenko O, Zhuo Y, Shi J (2018)
Structural and biochemical properties of duckweed surface cuticle. Front Chem. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fchem.2018.00317
Cheng JJ, Stomp AM (2009) Growing duckweed to recover nutrients from wastewaters and for
production of fuel ethanol and animal feed. CLEAN–Soil Air Water 37:17–26
Cifarelli A, Cigognini I, Bolzoni L, Montanari A (2016) Cutin isolated from tomato processing
by-products extraction methods and characterization. In: Proceedings of CYPRUS 2016 4th
international conference on sustainable solid waste management, pp 1–20
Cigognini IM, Montanari A, De la Torre Carreras R, Montserrat CB (2015) Extraction method of
a polyester polymer or cutin from the wasted tomato peels and polyester polymer so extracted.
WO2015/028299 A1
De Vries H, Bredemeijer G, Heinen W (1967) The decay of cutin and cuticular components by soil
microorganisms in their natural environment. Acta Bot Neerl 16:102–110
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018) The state of food security and nutrition in the
World 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO. Licence:
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Gómez-Patiño MB, Cassani J, Jaramillo-Flores ME, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Sandoval G, JimenezEstrada M, Arrieta-Baez D (2013) Oligomerization of 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and
methyl 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoate catalyzed by lipases. Molecules 18:9317–9333
Gómez-Patiño MB, Gutiérrez-Salgado DY, García-Hernández E, Mendez-Mendez JV,
Andraca Adame JA, Campos-Terán J, Arrieta-Baez D (2015) Polymerization of 10,16dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, main monomer of tomato cuticle, using the lewis acidic ionic liquid
choline chloride·2ZnCl 2 . Front Mater 2:1–9
Graca J (2015) Suberin: the biopolyester at the frontier of plants. Front Chem 3(62):1–11. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2015.00062
Graca J, Lamosa P (2010) Linear and branched poly(ω-hydroxyacid) esters in plant cutins. J Agric
Food Chem 58:9666–9674
Heredia A (2003) Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer.
Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Gen Subj 1620:1–7
347
15.9 Conclusion
The main polyester which can be sourced from the aquatic environment is cutin.
It is obtainable from aquatic plants. Aquatic plants have the advantage of a higher
productivity than terrestrial plants and therefore have potential as a more available
source of cutin. This biopolyester is one of the lesser explore biopolymers available
in the aquatic environment, and however, as discussed in the chapter, research studies
have explored applications of cutin in a range of applications such as packaging films
and UV sunscreens. Duckweed is one of the aquatic plants which have been explored
for cutin production with reliable availability globally.
References
Angst G, Heinrich L, Kogel-Knabner I, Muelle CW (2016) The fate of cutin and suberin of decaying
leaves, needles and roots—inferences from the initial decomposition of bound fatty acids. Org
Geochem 95:81–92
Borisjuk N, Peterson AA, Lv J, Qu G, Luo Q, Shi L, Chen G, Kishchenko O, Zhuo Y, Shi J (2018)
Structural and biochemical properties of duckweed surface cuticle. Front Chem. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fchem.2018.00317
Cheng JJ, Stomp AM (2009) Growing duckweed to recover nutrients from wastewaters and for
production of fuel ethanol and animal feed. CLEAN–Soil Air Water 37:17–26
Cifarelli A, Cigognini I, Bolzoni L, Montanari A (2016) Cutin isolated from tomato processing
by-products extraction methods and characterization. In: Proceedings of CYPRUS 2016 4th
international conference on sustainable solid waste management, pp 1–20
Cigognini IM, Montanari A, De la Torre Carreras R, Montserrat CB (2015) Extraction method of
a polyester polymer or cutin from the wasted tomato peels and polyester polymer so extracted.
WO2015/028299 A1
De Vries H, Bredemeijer G, Heinen W (1967) The decay of cutin and cuticular components by soil
microorganisms in their natural environment. Acta Bot Neerl 16:102–110
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018) The state of food security and nutrition in the
World 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO. Licence:
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Gómez-Patiño MB, Cassani J, Jaramillo-Flores ME, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Sandoval G, JimenezEstrada M, Arrieta-Baez D (2013) Oligomerization of 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and
methyl 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoate catalyzed by lipases. Molecules 18:9317–9333
Gómez-Patiño MB, Gutiérrez-Salgado DY, García-Hernández E, Mendez-Mendez JV,
Andraca Adame JA, Campos-Terán J, Arrieta-Baez D (2015) Polymerization of 10,16dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, main monomer of tomato cuticle, using the lewis acidic ionic liquid
choline chloride·2ZnCl 2 . Front Mater 2:1–9
Graca J (2015) Suberin: the biopolyester at the frontier of plants. Front Chem 3(62):1–11. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2015.00062
Graca J, Lamosa P (2010) Linear and branched poly(ω-hydroxyacid) esters in plant cutins. J Agric
Food Chem 58:9666–9674
Heredia A (2003) Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer.
Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Gen Subj 1620:1–7