14.8 Commercial Production
329
depleting. Also important is the development of more environmentally friendly production process for production of cellulosic man-made textiles. These newer methods
eliminate the need for toxic compounds such as CS 2 and minimize the total amount of
chemicals such as sodium hydroxide required for the production process (Shen et al.
2010). Aquatic-sourced cellulose from aquatic plants which are growing abundantly
and are seen as environmental nuisance means relatively low-cost feedstock for commercial cellulose production. Recent studies have shown that high-quality cellulose
nanoparticles (Jaurez-Luna et al. 2019) with low aggregation can be extracted from
the water hyacinth stem.
14.9 Conclusion
Cellulose is relatively abundant in the aquatic ecosystem as it can be obtained from a
diverse range of plants and algae. Some cellulose-producing species of aquatic plants
and animals are so abundant that they have become a nuisance to water transportation
and coastal activities. Extraction of cellulose from aquatic source presents one of the
solutions to address such challenges. There needs to be a balanced system in place,
whereby the aquatic plants re-absorb the nutrients from the wastewater released by
industries such as paper and textile, among others, and then these aquatic plants in
return act as sources of polymers such as cellulose which in turn serves as a source
of fuel and feedstock for these industries. The superior quality of cellulose obtained
from aquatic plants and algae indicates future potential in their high-value application
in biomedicine and pharmacology.
References
Aizenshtein EM (2004) World production of textile raw material. Fibre Chem 36(1):3–7
Albrecht W (2004) Regenerated cellulose in chapter “Cellulose”. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of
industrial chemistry, 7th edn. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. https://doi.org/10.1002/
14356007.a05_375.pub2
Basile A, Sorbo S, Conte B, Cobianchi RC, Trinchella F, Capasso C, Carginale V (2012) Toxicity, accumulation, and removal of heavy metals by three aquatic macrophytes. Int J Phytorem
14(4):374–387
Bayrakci AG, Kocar G (2014) Second-generation bioethanol production from water hyacinth and
duckweed in Izmir: a case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30:306–316
Beguin P, Aubert JP (1994) The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13(1):25–
58
Brown RM, Saxena IM Jr (2000) Cellulose biosynthesis: a model for understanding the assembly
of biopolymers. Plant Physiol Biochem 38(1–2):57–67
Chen P, Min M, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Y, Chen Q, Wang C, Wan Y, Wang X, Cheng Y, Deng S,
Hennessy K, Lin X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Martinez B, Ruan R (2009) Review of the biological and
engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2:1–30
Chen Q, Jin Y, Zhang G, Fang Y, Xiao Y, Zhao H (2012) Improving production of bioethanol from
duckweed (Landoltia punctata) by pectinase pretreatment. Energies 5:3019–3032
Chen WY, Lee HV, Juan JC, Phang S (2016) Production of new cellulose nanomaterial from red
algae marine biomass Gelidium elegans. Carbohyd Polym 51:1210–1219
329
depleting. Also important is the development of more environmentally friendly production process for production of cellulosic man-made textiles. These newer methods
eliminate the need for toxic compounds such as CS 2 and minimize the total amount of
chemicals such as sodium hydroxide required for the production process (Shen et al.
2010). Aquatic-sourced cellulose from aquatic plants which are growing abundantly
and are seen as environmental nuisance means relatively low-cost feedstock for commercial cellulose production. Recent studies have shown that high-quality cellulose
nanoparticles (Jaurez-Luna et al. 2019) with low aggregation can be extracted from
the water hyacinth stem.
14.9 Conclusion
Cellulose is relatively abundant in the aquatic ecosystem as it can be obtained from a
diverse range of plants and algae. Some cellulose-producing species of aquatic plants
and animals are so abundant that they have become a nuisance to water transportation
and coastal activities. Extraction of cellulose from aquatic source presents one of the
solutions to address such challenges. There needs to be a balanced system in place,
whereby the aquatic plants re-absorb the nutrients from the wastewater released by
industries such as paper and textile, among others, and then these aquatic plants in
return act as sources of polymers such as cellulose which in turn serves as a source
of fuel and feedstock for these industries. The superior quality of cellulose obtained
from aquatic plants and algae indicates future potential in their high-value application
in biomedicine and pharmacology.
References
Aizenshtein EM (2004) World production of textile raw material. Fibre Chem 36(1):3–7
Albrecht W (2004) Regenerated cellulose in chapter “Cellulose”. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of
industrial chemistry, 7th edn. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. https://doi.org/10.1002/
14356007.a05_375.pub2
Basile A, Sorbo S, Conte B, Cobianchi RC, Trinchella F, Capasso C, Carginale V (2012) Toxicity, accumulation, and removal of heavy metals by three aquatic macrophytes. Int J Phytorem
14(4):374–387
Bayrakci AG, Kocar G (2014) Second-generation bioethanol production from water hyacinth and
duckweed in Izmir: a case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30:306–316
Beguin P, Aubert JP (1994) The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13(1):25–
58
Brown RM, Saxena IM Jr (2000) Cellulose biosynthesis: a model for understanding the assembly
of biopolymers. Plant Physiol Biochem 38(1–2):57–67
Chen P, Min M, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Y, Chen Q, Wang C, Wan Y, Wang X, Cheng Y, Deng S,
Hennessy K, Lin X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Martinez B, Ruan R (2009) Review of the biological and
engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2:1–30
Chen Q, Jin Y, Zhang G, Fang Y, Xiao Y, Zhao H (2012) Improving production of bioethanol from
duckweed (Landoltia punctata) by pectinase pretreatment. Energies 5:3019–3032
Chen WY, Lee HV, Juan JC, Phang S (2016) Production of new cellulose nanomaterial from red
algae marine biomass Gelidium elegans. Carbohyd Polym 51:1210–1219