12.7 Applications
281
shows better antioxidant activity in the hydrolyzed form. Further, lower molecular
weight hydrolyzed collagen shows better antioxidant properties than higher molecular weight once. For example, when tested in vitro using hydrogen peroxide and
2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydrolyzed collagen from the skin of
Spanish mackerel fish with molecular weight of 47.82 and 5.04 kDa showed 35.82
and 65.72% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. The scavenging activity against
hydrogen peroxide was 41.72 and 76.99%, respectively (Chi et al. 2014).
The antioxidant ability of lower molecular weight hydrolyzed collagen is
attributed to the reducing property of the peptide groups present in the hydrolyzed
forms. In the helical form, the amine and carbonyl groups of the different polypeptide
chains are engaged in intermolecular secondary bonds; however, once hydrolyzed
these groups become available to other bonds, hence reducing tendencies of
hydrolyzed collagen over the intact form of collagen. Further, hydrolysis of the
polypeptides in lower molecular weight further frees up more peptide functional
groups which can have reducing effects by donating electrons to free radicals.
12.7.9 Anti-inflammatory Activity
The skin responds to external stimuli which are harmful to the body through inflammation. However in certain cases, the process of inflammation could be exaggerated or lead to inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and
atherosclerosis. Anti-inflammatory agents are used as a therapeutic measure to treat
such inflammatory-related diseases. Fish scale collagen polypeptides have been used
to demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity of collagen extracted from fish. The collagen peptides interfered with inflammatory response by preventing the secretion of
proteins associated with inflammatory response (Ahn et al. 2017). Collagen extracted
from squid also shows anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
The collagen type II extracted from squid offers superior therapeutic effect against
osteoarthritis by eliminating the immunogenicity associated with treatment using
collagen sourced from terrestrial animal (Dai et al. 2018).
12.8 Commercial Production
Collagen is a protein of much commercial value. Bones and flesh of bovine and
porcine have been the main commercial source of commercial collagen production.
With the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the foot and mouth
disease, for health and economic reasons have led to the rising demand for alternative
collagen sources. The aquatic environment offers such alternatives. Both marine and
freshwater are a source of diverse range of collagen-producing organisms. Some of
these are bones, skins and scales of fishes, jellyfish, starfish and sponges (Felician
et al. 2019; Olatunji et al. 2014; Khong et al. 2016).
281
shows better antioxidant activity in the hydrolyzed form. Further, lower molecular
weight hydrolyzed collagen shows better antioxidant properties than higher molecular weight once. For example, when tested in vitro using hydrogen peroxide and
2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydrolyzed collagen from the skin of
Spanish mackerel fish with molecular weight of 47.82 and 5.04 kDa showed 35.82
and 65.72% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. The scavenging activity against
hydrogen peroxide was 41.72 and 76.99%, respectively (Chi et al. 2014).
The antioxidant ability of lower molecular weight hydrolyzed collagen is
attributed to the reducing property of the peptide groups present in the hydrolyzed
forms. In the helical form, the amine and carbonyl groups of the different polypeptide
chains are engaged in intermolecular secondary bonds; however, once hydrolyzed
these groups become available to other bonds, hence reducing tendencies of
hydrolyzed collagen over the intact form of collagen. Further, hydrolysis of the
polypeptides in lower molecular weight further frees up more peptide functional
groups which can have reducing effects by donating electrons to free radicals.
12.7.9 Anti-inflammatory Activity
The skin responds to external stimuli which are harmful to the body through inflammation. However in certain cases, the process of inflammation could be exaggerated or lead to inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and
atherosclerosis. Anti-inflammatory agents are used as a therapeutic measure to treat
such inflammatory-related diseases. Fish scale collagen polypeptides have been used
to demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity of collagen extracted from fish. The collagen peptides interfered with inflammatory response by preventing the secretion of
proteins associated with inflammatory response (Ahn et al. 2017). Collagen extracted
from squid also shows anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
The collagen type II extracted from squid offers superior therapeutic effect against
osteoarthritis by eliminating the immunogenicity associated with treatment using
collagen sourced from terrestrial animal (Dai et al. 2018).
12.8 Commercial Production
Collagen is a protein of much commercial value. Bones and flesh of bovine and
porcine have been the main commercial source of commercial collagen production.
With the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the foot and mouth
disease, for health and economic reasons have led to the rising demand for alternative
collagen sources. The aquatic environment offers such alternatives. Both marine and
freshwater are a source of diverse range of collagen-producing organisms. Some of
these are bones, skins and scales of fishes, jellyfish, starfish and sponges (Felician
et al. 2019; Olatunji et al. 2014; Khong et al. 2016).