258
11 Enzymes
source of enzyme for the catalysis of industrial processes could remove certain limitations of some commercial enzymes. For example, pH limitations of some protease
are either active at alkaline or acidic at pH.
11.10 Conclusion
Enzymes play diverse roles in industry. The aquatic environment due to the diversity
of organisms living in a wide range of conditions serves as a source of diverse group
of enzymes. Aquatic-sourced enzymes have unique characteristics of being adapted
to particularly challenging environment and are therefore likely to produce enzymes
which retain stability at extreme processing conditions which is beneficial in industry. Applications of enzymes which have been discussed within the chapter include
fish processing, biodiesel and cleaning agent production. Extraction processed from
different sources has similar recovery and purification stages, and this could potentially be a more robust production facility which could allow production of the
same enzyme from multiple sources. Presently, enzymes from aquatic sources are
less commonly used in industry than the enzymes from terrestrial plants, microorganisms and animals. Extraction of enzymes from aquatic waste and by-products
could contribute significantly to optimal use of aquatic resources and reduction in
environmental pollution.
References
Adamec L (2010) Mineral cost of carnivory in aquatic carnivorous plants. Flora 205:618–621
Aguilera-Morales ME, Canales-Martinez MM, Avila-Gronzalez R, Flores-Ortiz CM (2018) Nutrients and bioactive compounds of the Lemna gibba and Ulva lactuca as possible ingredients to
functional foods. Lat Am J Aquat Res 46(4):709–716
Amano K (1962) The influence of fermentation on the nutritive value of fish with special reference
to fermented fish products of South-East Asia. In: Heen E, Kreuzer R (eds) Fish in nutrition.
Fishing News Books, London, pp 180–197
Arabi H, Yazdi Tabatabaei M, Faramarzi MA (2010) Influence of whole microalgal cell immobilization and organic solvent on the bioconversion of androst-4-en-3,17-dione to testosterone by
Nostoc muscorum. J Mol Catal B Enzym 62(3–4):213–217
Bele SD, Sharmila S, Rebecca JL (2014a) Isolation and characterization of lipase from marine
algae. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 27(1):191–195
Bele SD, Sharmila SS, Rebecca JL (2014b) Comparative study of different methods of extraction
of lipase from seaweeds. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 5(3):1741–1748
Bell AS (2007) Major antifungal drugs. Ref Modul Chem Mol Sci Chem Eng Compr Med Chem
II 7:445–468
Bernal D, Donley JM, Shadwick RE, Syme DA (2005) Mammal-like muscles power swimming in
a cold-water shark. Nature 437(27):1349–1352
Bleakley S, Hayes M (2018) Algal proteins: extraction, application and challenges concerning
production (2017): 6(33):1–34
Brouwer P, Nierop KGJ, Huijgen WJJ, Schluepmann H (2019) Aquatic weeds as novel protein
sources: alkaline extraction of tannin-rich Azolla. Biotechnol Rep 24:e00368. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.btre.2019.e00368
11 Enzymes
source of enzyme for the catalysis of industrial processes could remove certain limitations of some commercial enzymes. For example, pH limitations of some protease
are either active at alkaline or acidic at pH.
11.10 Conclusion
Enzymes play diverse roles in industry. The aquatic environment due to the diversity
of organisms living in a wide range of conditions serves as a source of diverse group
of enzymes. Aquatic-sourced enzymes have unique characteristics of being adapted
to particularly challenging environment and are therefore likely to produce enzymes
which retain stability at extreme processing conditions which is beneficial in industry. Applications of enzymes which have been discussed within the chapter include
fish processing, biodiesel and cleaning agent production. Extraction processed from
different sources has similar recovery and purification stages, and this could potentially be a more robust production facility which could allow production of the
same enzyme from multiple sources. Presently, enzymes from aquatic sources are
less commonly used in industry than the enzymes from terrestrial plants, microorganisms and animals. Extraction of enzymes from aquatic waste and by-products
could contribute significantly to optimal use of aquatic resources and reduction in
environmental pollution.
References
Adamec L (2010) Mineral cost of carnivory in aquatic carnivorous plants. Flora 205:618–621
Aguilera-Morales ME, Canales-Martinez MM, Avila-Gronzalez R, Flores-Ortiz CM (2018) Nutrients and bioactive compounds of the Lemna gibba and Ulva lactuca as possible ingredients to
functional foods. Lat Am J Aquat Res 46(4):709–716
Amano K (1962) The influence of fermentation on the nutritive value of fish with special reference
to fermented fish products of South-East Asia. In: Heen E, Kreuzer R (eds) Fish in nutrition.
Fishing News Books, London, pp 180–197
Arabi H, Yazdi Tabatabaei M, Faramarzi MA (2010) Influence of whole microalgal cell immobilization and organic solvent on the bioconversion of androst-4-en-3,17-dione to testosterone by
Nostoc muscorum. J Mol Catal B Enzym 62(3–4):213–217
Bele SD, Sharmila S, Rebecca JL (2014a) Isolation and characterization of lipase from marine
algae. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 27(1):191–195
Bele SD, Sharmila SS, Rebecca JL (2014b) Comparative study of different methods of extraction
of lipase from seaweeds. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 5(3):1741–1748
Bell AS (2007) Major antifungal drugs. Ref Modul Chem Mol Sci Chem Eng Compr Med Chem
II 7:445–468
Bernal D, Donley JM, Shadwick RE, Syme DA (2005) Mammal-like muscles power swimming in
a cold-water shark. Nature 437(27):1349–1352
Bleakley S, Hayes M (2018) Algal proteins: extraction, application and challenges concerning
production (2017): 6(33):1–34
Brouwer P, Nierop KGJ, Huijgen WJJ, Schluepmann H (2019) Aquatic weeds as novel protein
sources: alkaline extraction of tannin-rich Azolla. Biotechnol Rep 24:e00368. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.btre.2019.e00368