Though the research on A. rhizogenes transformed HRs is available for several
years for enhancing the secondary metabolites (SMs) but during the past few years’
research on HRCs is increasing. Mainly, during the last decade research on HRs
podium is helping in understanding the mechanism of the phytoremediation process.
In the present chapter, we focus on the source of HRs from different medicinal plants
used to remediate the contaminants and tabulated in Table. 2.1. It is therefore
unsurprising that the major objective of current research is to diversify the research
to understand the plausible reason how HRs are superficial in comparison with
normal roots.
2 Hairy Roots in Phytoremediation
Plant cell cultures have been employed for the biotransformation of various organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides, phenols, PCBs, and explosives like GTN
(Anees et al. 2020; Doran 2009; Scheel and Sandermann 1977). Over the last
30 years, HRs have been exploited for different kinds of beneficial intents,
distinguishing from metabolic engineering, and industrially important recombinant
protein synthesis to conduct an assessment of phytoremediation (Praveen et al. 2014;
Wilson and Roberts 2012). The advantage of HRs system could allow variations to
carry out the organization of phyto-molecules that cannot realistically be generated
by chemical synthesis. The molecular basis of genetic transformation of HRCs by
using A. rhizogenes strains is well known and recently detailed in many studies
(Gutierrez-Valdes et al. 2020; Mehrotra et al. 2020; Rency et al. 2019; Satish et al.
2019). More recently, HRs technology has been established as a biotechnological
concept in a majority of plant root systems. HRs, fine fibrous structures can be grown
in large mass in culture media in a controlled environment and can, therefore, be
subjected to various physiological assays such as phytoremediation that are formed
on plant tissues infected by A. rhizogenes (Georgiev et al. 2007). Plants do not
necessarily cause the same types of metabolic reactions that bacteria or fungi do,
rather than mineralizing a contaminant the way a bacterium would, plants typically
interact with a xenobiotic compound in three phases. The process of
phytoremediation encompasses three detoxification phases (Abhilash et al. 2009;
Betts 1998; Schröder et al. 2007).
Level – I: Transformation, including oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, and the
catalysis to speedup the ratio of virtually all the chemical reactions through
enzymes for example P450 monooxygenases, reductases, peroxidases, dehydrogenases, and esterases.
Level – II: For better solubility, the process initiated with the conjugation of
contaminants with endogenous compounds such as mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, amino acids.
2 Hairy Roots as a Source for Phytoremediation
31
years for enhancing the secondary metabolites (SMs) but during the past few years’
research on HRCs is increasing. Mainly, during the last decade research on HRs
podium is helping in understanding the mechanism of the phytoremediation process.
In the present chapter, we focus on the source of HRs from different medicinal plants
used to remediate the contaminants and tabulated in Table. 2.1. It is therefore
unsurprising that the major objective of current research is to diversify the research
to understand the plausible reason how HRs are superficial in comparison with
normal roots.
2 Hairy Roots in Phytoremediation
Plant cell cultures have been employed for the biotransformation of various organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides, phenols, PCBs, and explosives like GTN
(Anees et al. 2020; Doran 2009; Scheel and Sandermann 1977). Over the last
30 years, HRs have been exploited for different kinds of beneficial intents,
distinguishing from metabolic engineering, and industrially important recombinant
protein synthesis to conduct an assessment of phytoremediation (Praveen et al. 2014;
Wilson and Roberts 2012). The advantage of HRs system could allow variations to
carry out the organization of phyto-molecules that cannot realistically be generated
by chemical synthesis. The molecular basis of genetic transformation of HRCs by
using A. rhizogenes strains is well known and recently detailed in many studies
(Gutierrez-Valdes et al. 2020; Mehrotra et al. 2020; Rency et al. 2019; Satish et al.
2019). More recently, HRs technology has been established as a biotechnological
concept in a majority of plant root systems. HRs, fine fibrous structures can be grown
in large mass in culture media in a controlled environment and can, therefore, be
subjected to various physiological assays such as phytoremediation that are formed
on plant tissues infected by A. rhizogenes (Georgiev et al. 2007). Plants do not
necessarily cause the same types of metabolic reactions that bacteria or fungi do,
rather than mineralizing a contaminant the way a bacterium would, plants typically
interact with a xenobiotic compound in three phases. The process of
phytoremediation encompasses three detoxification phases (Abhilash et al. 2009;
Betts 1998; Schröder et al. 2007).
Level – I: Transformation, including oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, and the
catalysis to speedup the ratio of virtually all the chemical reactions through
enzymes for example P450 monooxygenases, reductases, peroxidases, dehydrogenases, and esterases.
Level – II: For better solubility, the process initiated with the conjugation of
contaminants with endogenous compounds such as mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, amino acids.
2 Hairy Roots as a Source for Phytoremediation
31