attractions and complexation reactions. In addition, during the biosorption process,
chitin present on the cell wall forms complexation reactions with dyes and facilitates
dye removal.
Fungal bioremediation was found to be more attractive than bacterial bioremediation due to availability of higher amounts of biomass at a cheaper cost (Shahid et al.
2013). The excellent functions of these fungi in biodegradation of textile dyes
suggest the use of these microorganisms in the bioremediation process. Fungi can
be used as an alternative for efficient treatment of wastewaters contaminated with
textile dye effluents. Many researchers studied the efficiency of fungal biomass in
the removal of dyes from effluents. The white rot fungi proved to be very efficient for
the removal of azo dyes from the effluents. Phanerochaete chrysosporium is capable
of metabolizing various types of azo dyes. Studies on fungi (Aspergillus niger and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium) isolated from soil contaminated with the dye effluents (malachite green, nigrosin, and basic fuchsin) showed excellent bioremediation
properties (Rani et al. 2014). Some of the important organisms studied for the
removal of dyes are highlighted in Table 9.2.
3.3 Algae
The utilization of algal biomass has been in focus since the realization of its
potentials in bioremediation of textile dye effluents. Algae are found to be potential
organisms for bioremediation of dyes due to their ability to grow both in fresh water
and saltwater. Algae are photoautotroph organisms; they can synthesize food by
absorbing CO 2 directly from the air and light energy from the sun. Immobilized
algae cells were reported to be efficient in the removal of metal dye complexes. Both
living and nonliving algae were reported to have high potential in the removal of
dyes especially in biosorption process. High surface area and cell wall properties of
the algae favor the biosorption of dyes. Functional groups such as carboxyl, amino,
sulphonic, phosphorous, hydroxyl, carbonyl, etc. present on the algae cell wall
surface enable the biosorption of various types of dyes from the industrial effluents
through electrostatic attractions and complexation reactions. Microalgae and
macroalgae were found to remove dyes by various processes such as biosorption,
biodegradation, and biotransformation. Microalgae degrade dyes by removing nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon from water, thus reduces the eutrophication in the
water. Algae’s tolerance ability to waste waters and its rapid growth makes it
available in large quantities for dye removal process. Table 9.3 depicts the important
dye removal studies carried out using algae.
Many organisms isolated from the environment were found to be useful in the
bioremediation process. However, their efficiency depends on the physicochemical
conditions present in the water. Wide ranges of organisms are available with
different metabolic activities and hence suitable for bioremediation of different
dyes. The success of the organisms depends on their survival capacity to such
9 Removal of Dyes From Industrial Effluents Using Bioremediation Technique
179
chitin present on the cell wall forms complexation reactions with dyes and facilitates
dye removal.
Fungal bioremediation was found to be more attractive than bacterial bioremediation due to availability of higher amounts of biomass at a cheaper cost (Shahid et al.
2013). The excellent functions of these fungi in biodegradation of textile dyes
suggest the use of these microorganisms in the bioremediation process. Fungi can
be used as an alternative for efficient treatment of wastewaters contaminated with
textile dye effluents. Many researchers studied the efficiency of fungal biomass in
the removal of dyes from effluents. The white rot fungi proved to be very efficient for
the removal of azo dyes from the effluents. Phanerochaete chrysosporium is capable
of metabolizing various types of azo dyes. Studies on fungi (Aspergillus niger and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium) isolated from soil contaminated with the dye effluents (malachite green, nigrosin, and basic fuchsin) showed excellent bioremediation
properties (Rani et al. 2014). Some of the important organisms studied for the
removal of dyes are highlighted in Table 9.2.
3.3 Algae
The utilization of algal biomass has been in focus since the realization of its
potentials in bioremediation of textile dye effluents. Algae are found to be potential
organisms for bioremediation of dyes due to their ability to grow both in fresh water
and saltwater. Algae are photoautotroph organisms; they can synthesize food by
absorbing CO 2 directly from the air and light energy from the sun. Immobilized
algae cells were reported to be efficient in the removal of metal dye complexes. Both
living and nonliving algae were reported to have high potential in the removal of
dyes especially in biosorption process. High surface area and cell wall properties of
the algae favor the biosorption of dyes. Functional groups such as carboxyl, amino,
sulphonic, phosphorous, hydroxyl, carbonyl, etc. present on the algae cell wall
surface enable the biosorption of various types of dyes from the industrial effluents
through electrostatic attractions and complexation reactions. Microalgae and
macroalgae were found to remove dyes by various processes such as biosorption,
biodegradation, and biotransformation. Microalgae degrade dyes by removing nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon from water, thus reduces the eutrophication in the
water. Algae’s tolerance ability to waste waters and its rapid growth makes it
available in large quantities for dye removal process. Table 9.3 depicts the important
dye removal studies carried out using algae.
Many organisms isolated from the environment were found to be useful in the
bioremediation process. However, their efficiency depends on the physicochemical
conditions present in the water. Wide ranges of organisms are available with
different metabolic activities and hence suitable for bioremediation of different
dyes. The success of the organisms depends on their survival capacity to such
9 Removal of Dyes From Industrial Effluents Using Bioremediation Technique
179