2.6 Conclusion
In international climate change negotiations, China, Japan, and South Korea are
positioned as developing, developed, and semi-developed countries, respectively.
As the main emitters globally, it is indispensable to analyze emission reduction
strategies in these three countries in order to promote global emission reductions. In
this chapter, we analyzed the economic status of the three countries in terms of GDP,
productivity, urbanization rate, and industrial structure. We analyzed the energy
status of China, Japan, and Korea in terms of energy consumption, energy use
efficiency, and power generation. Although at different developmental stages, the
countries are following similar trajectories. However, development in China and
South Korea in both the economy and energy should not simply repeat the pathway
of Japan. Based on INDC targets and countermeasures for climate change, climate
change policy dictates a transition from coal to clean energy, improvement of energy
efficiency, and promoting international cooperation under the East Asian
Low-Carbon Community framework.
References
BP (2019) BP statistical review of world energy 2019 [eBook], 68th edn. pp. 8–9, 51–53. https://
www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statis
tical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2020
EIA (2020) South Korea is one of the world’s largest nuclear power producers. https://www.eia.
gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44916. Accessed 29 Nov 2020
IEA (2019) World energy outlook 2019. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019.
Accessed 18 Apr 2020
ILOSTAT (2020) Labor productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity. Accessed 12
June 2020
IMF (2019) IMF annual report. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2019/eng/assets/pdf/imfannual-report-2019.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2020
IRENA (2019) Renewable energy capacity statistics 2019. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/
IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf. Accessed
18 Apr 2020
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2015) East Asia low carbon growth partnership dialogue.
https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/ealcgpd_1204/index.html. Accessed 18
Apr 2020
National Energy Administration “The 13th five-year plan for energy development” (2017). https://
policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%91%
E5%B1%95%E2%80%9C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%
A7%84%E5%88%92pdf.pdf (in Chinese). Accessed 15 Aug 2019
Qian B (2012) A study about the domestic and foreign policy of china under climate change. Master
thesis, Ritsumeikan University
Trilateral Cooperation Secretaiat (2019) Trilateral cooperation. https://www.tcs-asia.org/en/
cooperation/dashboard.php. Accessed 18 Apr 2020
UNFCCC (2019) Annual report. https://unfccc.int/annualreport. Accessed 14 Apr 2020
United Nations (2019a) GVA by kind of economic activity. http://data.un.org. Accessed 10 June
2020
58
X. Qian et al.
In international climate change negotiations, China, Japan, and South Korea are
positioned as developing, developed, and semi-developed countries, respectively.
As the main emitters globally, it is indispensable to analyze emission reduction
strategies in these three countries in order to promote global emission reductions. In
this chapter, we analyzed the economic status of the three countries in terms of GDP,
productivity, urbanization rate, and industrial structure. We analyzed the energy
status of China, Japan, and Korea in terms of energy consumption, energy use
efficiency, and power generation. Although at different developmental stages, the
countries are following similar trajectories. However, development in China and
South Korea in both the economy and energy should not simply repeat the pathway
of Japan. Based on INDC targets and countermeasures for climate change, climate
change policy dictates a transition from coal to clean energy, improvement of energy
efficiency, and promoting international cooperation under the East Asian
Low-Carbon Community framework.
References
BP (2019) BP statistical review of world energy 2019 [eBook], 68th edn. pp. 8–9, 51–53. https://
www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statis
tical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2020
EIA (2020) South Korea is one of the world’s largest nuclear power producers. https://www.eia.
gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44916. Accessed 29 Nov 2020
IEA (2019) World energy outlook 2019. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019.
Accessed 18 Apr 2020
ILOSTAT (2020) Labor productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity. Accessed 12
June 2020
IMF (2019) IMF annual report. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2019/eng/assets/pdf/imfannual-report-2019.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2020
IRENA (2019) Renewable energy capacity statistics 2019. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/
IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf. Accessed
18 Apr 2020
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2015) East Asia low carbon growth partnership dialogue.
https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/ealcgpd_1204/index.html. Accessed 18
Apr 2020
National Energy Administration “The 13th five-year plan for energy development” (2017). https://
policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%91%
E5%B1%95%E2%80%9C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%
A7%84%E5%88%92pdf.pdf (in Chinese). Accessed 15 Aug 2019
Qian B (2012) A study about the domestic and foreign policy of china under climate change. Master
thesis, Ritsumeikan University
Trilateral Cooperation Secretaiat (2019) Trilateral cooperation. https://www.tcs-asia.org/en/
cooperation/dashboard.php. Accessed 18 Apr 2020
UNFCCC (2019) Annual report. https://unfccc.int/annualreport. Accessed 14 Apr 2020
United Nations (2019a) GVA by kind of economic activity. http://data.un.org. Accessed 10 June
2020
58
X. Qian et al.