Secretariat (TCS) 2019). Cooperation among the three countries with regard to the
environment started under the framework of ASEAN+3. The TEMM became a
platform of the highest level for each country to promote regional environmental
management. During this period, the three countries had already established a
mechanism for regular meetings of leaders—ministerial meetings—and a consultation mechanism for international affairs. The sixth 10+3 Leaders’ Meeting adopted
the East Asia Research Group Final Report, Promoting the Evolution of the 10+3
Leaders’ Meeting to the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2002. As a result, China, Japan,
and South Korea began to explore the construction of an East Asian Community
under the framework of regional cooperation, including in energy and the environment. Also, during this period, Japan continued to support China through launching
large-scale, long-term investments and transferal of technology via official development assistance (ODA) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
projects.
2.4.2.2 Cooperation Among China, Japan, and South Korea After 2008
Since 2008, the China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit has been held annually,
marking a new stage in international cooperation. In September 2011, the TCS was
established in Seoul to promote peace and common prosperity among the three
countries. Trilateral cooperation attaches great importance to the promotion of
coordination in environmental protection and renewable energy (TCS 2019). During
this period, the summit adopted several documents detailing measures to strengthen
cooperation in environmental protection in areas such as environmental education,
climate change, and biodiversity protection. A consensus was reached that the three
countries should promote sustainable growth by developing green energy and
improving energy efficiency. Based on this consensus, the East Asian Low-Carbon
Growth Partnership was developed to promote low-carbon growth in countries of the
EAS in 2012 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) 2015). Dialogue
emphasized the importance of national low-carbon growth strategies, technology,
market mechanisms, and cooperation among various stakeholders (MOFA 2015).
Furthermore, an East Asian Low-Carbon Community framework was advocated,
aimed at achieving a regional low-carbon society (Zhou et al. 2010).
Japan decided in 2005 to terminate its annual loan program by 2008. This was by
far the biggest part of its ODA to China and demonstrated a shift from unidirectional
support to building a strategic, mutually beneficial relationship based on market
mechanisms. The CDM promoted rapid growth in environmental and energy cooperation. The first Japan-China Third Country Market Cooperation Forum was held in
Beijing in 2018. By strengthening cooperation between China and Japan in thirdcountry markets, a pathway to realize a tripartite, or multilateral, cooperation model
is provided. The third-county market cooperation approach provides a way for
participating countries to share benefits more equally.
2 Climate Change Strategy and Emission Reduction Roadmap for China, Japan, and. . .
53
environment started under the framework of ASEAN+3. The TEMM became a
platform of the highest level for each country to promote regional environmental
management. During this period, the three countries had already established a
mechanism for regular meetings of leaders—ministerial meetings—and a consultation mechanism for international affairs. The sixth 10+3 Leaders’ Meeting adopted
the East Asia Research Group Final Report, Promoting the Evolution of the 10+3
Leaders’ Meeting to the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2002. As a result, China, Japan,
and South Korea began to explore the construction of an East Asian Community
under the framework of regional cooperation, including in energy and the environment. Also, during this period, Japan continued to support China through launching
large-scale, long-term investments and transferal of technology via official development assistance (ODA) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
projects.
2.4.2.2 Cooperation Among China, Japan, and South Korea After 2008
Since 2008, the China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit has been held annually,
marking a new stage in international cooperation. In September 2011, the TCS was
established in Seoul to promote peace and common prosperity among the three
countries. Trilateral cooperation attaches great importance to the promotion of
coordination in environmental protection and renewable energy (TCS 2019). During
this period, the summit adopted several documents detailing measures to strengthen
cooperation in environmental protection in areas such as environmental education,
climate change, and biodiversity protection. A consensus was reached that the three
countries should promote sustainable growth by developing green energy and
improving energy efficiency. Based on this consensus, the East Asian Low-Carbon
Growth Partnership was developed to promote low-carbon growth in countries of the
EAS in 2012 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) 2015). Dialogue
emphasized the importance of national low-carbon growth strategies, technology,
market mechanisms, and cooperation among various stakeholders (MOFA 2015).
Furthermore, an East Asian Low-Carbon Community framework was advocated,
aimed at achieving a regional low-carbon society (Zhou et al. 2010).
Japan decided in 2005 to terminate its annual loan program by 2008. This was by
far the biggest part of its ODA to China and demonstrated a shift from unidirectional
support to building a strategic, mutually beneficial relationship based on market
mechanisms. The CDM promoted rapid growth in environmental and energy cooperation. The first Japan-China Third Country Market Cooperation Forum was held in
Beijing in 2018. By strengthening cooperation between China and Japan in thirdcountry markets, a pathway to realize a tripartite, or multilateral, cooperation model
is provided. The third-county market cooperation approach provides a way for
participating countries to share benefits more equally.
2 Climate Change Strategy and Emission Reduction Roadmap for China, Japan, and. . .
53