0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
1.6000
1.8000
2.0000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
CO2 emissions per gross domestic product (GDP) (toe/USD)
China Primary energy consumption per
nominal GDP
Japan Primary energy consumption per
nominal GDP
South Korea Primary energy consumption
per nominal GDP
China Primary energy consumption per real
GDP
Japan Primary energy consumption per real
GDP
South Korea Primary energy consumption
per real GDP
China Primary energy consumption per
GDP PPP (constant 2011 international USD)
Japan Primary energy consumption per GDP
PPP (constant 2011 international USD)
South KoreaPrimary energy consumption
per GDP PPP (constant 2011 international
USD)
Fig. 2.13
CO
2 emissions per gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990–2018 in China, Japan, and South Korea. Source: BP (2019), UN (2019a, b)
2 Climate Change Strategy and Emission Reduction Roadmap for China, Japan, and. . .
47