protection of intellectual property rights, prioritization of renewable energy cooperation, policy support, and promoting movement of scientists and engineers among
the three countries (The Ministry of Technology 2008). In 2011, the fourth China–
Japan–South Korea trilateral summit called for “sustainable growth first by enhancing renewable energy and energy efficiency collaboration” and approved development of green energy and energy efficiency to promote sustainable growth.
The Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting (TEMM) is held annually to offer
a platform for dialogue and to encourage cooperation. The 21st TEMM held in Japan
in 2019 reviewed implementation of the China–Japan–Korea Environmental Cooperation Joint Action Plan (2015–2019). The plan had deepened exchanges and
cooperation around ecological and environmental issues, and China had advocated
a model of “China, Japan, and South Korea + X” for cooperation to complement the
Belt and Road Green Development International Alliance (Trilateral Cooperation
Secretariat 2019).
Cooperation among the three countries began with specific industry cooperation.
At the Gansu Natural Energy Research Center (GNERI) in Lanzhou, a SinoJapanese cooperative project was established to demonstrate a hurricane-type wind
power irrigation system. China and South Korea have begun to cooperate in the
development of tidal energy (China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center (CKJORC)
2020).
In summary, cooperation among the three countries has gradually transitioned
from consultation and dialogue to the launching of business projects. However,
political factors continue to influence bilateral relations, often causing fluctuations in
cooperation. Furthermore, China–Japan–Korea cooperation is grappling with the
issue of how to balance dominance within the cooperative relationship. Development of a framework for cooperation that is acceptable to all three countries would
contribute to deepening their cooperation.
19.3 Renewable Energy Policy and Technology
Development in China, Japan, and South Korea
19.3.1 Renewable Energy Development Targets in China,
Japan, and South Korea
Given the potential for energy conservation and CO 2 emission reductions among
China, Japan, and South Korea, it is necessary to compare policy instruments and
technology development among the three countries and with international experience from the European Union.
Some renewable energy industries are growing much faster than others. China
has the world’s largest installed capacity of wind energy and hydropower and ranks
third in bioenergy (Table 19.1). Japan holds the third position for solar photovoltaic
(PV) and is a top ten producer of bioenergy, hydropower, and geothermal. South
19 Potential for Cooperation Among China, Japan, and South Korea in Renewable. . .
343
the three countries (The Ministry of Technology 2008). In 2011, the fourth China–
Japan–South Korea trilateral summit called for “sustainable growth first by enhancing renewable energy and energy efficiency collaboration” and approved development of green energy and energy efficiency to promote sustainable growth.
The Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting (TEMM) is held annually to offer
a platform for dialogue and to encourage cooperation. The 21st TEMM held in Japan
in 2019 reviewed implementation of the China–Japan–Korea Environmental Cooperation Joint Action Plan (2015–2019). The plan had deepened exchanges and
cooperation around ecological and environmental issues, and China had advocated
a model of “China, Japan, and South Korea + X” for cooperation to complement the
Belt and Road Green Development International Alliance (Trilateral Cooperation
Secretariat 2019).
Cooperation among the three countries began with specific industry cooperation.
At the Gansu Natural Energy Research Center (GNERI) in Lanzhou, a SinoJapanese cooperative project was established to demonstrate a hurricane-type wind
power irrigation system. China and South Korea have begun to cooperate in the
development of tidal energy (China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center (CKJORC)
2020).
In summary, cooperation among the three countries has gradually transitioned
from consultation and dialogue to the launching of business projects. However,
political factors continue to influence bilateral relations, often causing fluctuations in
cooperation. Furthermore, China–Japan–Korea cooperation is grappling with the
issue of how to balance dominance within the cooperative relationship. Development of a framework for cooperation that is acceptable to all three countries would
contribute to deepening their cooperation.
19.3 Renewable Energy Policy and Technology
Development in China, Japan, and South Korea
19.3.1 Renewable Energy Development Targets in China,
Japan, and South Korea
Given the potential for energy conservation and CO 2 emission reductions among
China, Japan, and South Korea, it is necessary to compare policy instruments and
technology development among the three countries and with international experience from the European Union.
Some renewable energy industries are growing much faster than others. China
has the world’s largest installed capacity of wind energy and hydropower and ranks
third in bioenergy (Table 19.1). Japan holds the third position for solar photovoltaic
(PV) and is a top ten producer of bioenergy, hydropower, and geothermal. South
19 Potential for Cooperation Among China, Japan, and South Korea in Renewable. . .
343