Chapter 16
An Empirical Analysis of International
Carbon Transfer
Hirotaka Haga and Weisheng Zhou
Abstract This chapter quantified international carbon flow as a result of economic
globalization based on input-output analysis using the World Input-Output Database
(WIOD). Trends in CO 2 emissions induced from 7 regions and 35 industries were
analyzed as a case study of the production of transportation equipment sector. Total
CO 2 emissions induced in China were larger than in the other six regions.
Production-based emissions tend to be larger than consumption-based emissions in
China and East Asia, while the inverse is true elsewhere. The ratio of production- to
consumption-based CO 2 emissions induced by a region to itself is close to 1. CO 2
emissions from manufacturing transportation equipment such as automobiles are
larger than emissions from purchasing in this sector in East Asia. Developing
countries tend to have higher consumption- than production-based emissions. Furthermore, consumption-based calculations tend to underestimate CO 2 emission in
developing countries and emerging countries compared with production-based estimates. It is important to compile further analysis on global carbon flows in
consumption-based cases. In considering burdens of responsibility for global CO 2
emissions, ratios must be taken into account, allowing identification of the hidden,
larger amount of emissions in RoW (developing countries), and BRIIAT (emerging
countries). High volumes of CO 2 emissions flow to RoW from the Euro-zone,
NAFTA, RoW, East Asia, and BRIIAT; CO 2 emissions must be reduced in both
developed and developing countries. The East Asian area emits more CO 2 from
manufacturing transportation equipment than it does from purchasing in this sector,
while in developing countries, CO 2 emissions in consumption were higher than
those of production. This analysis highlighted the importance of assessing trends in
emissions from emerging and developing countries when considering global burdens of responsibility for CO 2 emissions.
H. Haga
Department of Regional Design and Development, Department of Business Economics,
University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
e-mail: hhaga@sun.ac.jp
W. Zhou (*)
College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
e-mail: zhou@sps.ritsumei.ac.jp
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
W. Zhou et al. (eds.), East Asian Low-Carbon Community,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4339-9_16
289
An Empirical Analysis of International
Carbon Transfer
Hirotaka Haga and Weisheng Zhou
Abstract This chapter quantified international carbon flow as a result of economic
globalization based on input-output analysis using the World Input-Output Database
(WIOD). Trends in CO 2 emissions induced from 7 regions and 35 industries were
analyzed as a case study of the production of transportation equipment sector. Total
CO 2 emissions induced in China were larger than in the other six regions.
Production-based emissions tend to be larger than consumption-based emissions in
China and East Asia, while the inverse is true elsewhere. The ratio of production- to
consumption-based CO 2 emissions induced by a region to itself is close to 1. CO 2
emissions from manufacturing transportation equipment such as automobiles are
larger than emissions from purchasing in this sector in East Asia. Developing
countries tend to have higher consumption- than production-based emissions. Furthermore, consumption-based calculations tend to underestimate CO 2 emission in
developing countries and emerging countries compared with production-based estimates. It is important to compile further analysis on global carbon flows in
consumption-based cases. In considering burdens of responsibility for global CO 2
emissions, ratios must be taken into account, allowing identification of the hidden,
larger amount of emissions in RoW (developing countries), and BRIIAT (emerging
countries). High volumes of CO 2 emissions flow to RoW from the Euro-zone,
NAFTA, RoW, East Asia, and BRIIAT; CO 2 emissions must be reduced in both
developed and developing countries. The East Asian area emits more CO 2 from
manufacturing transportation equipment than it does from purchasing in this sector,
while in developing countries, CO 2 emissions in consumption were higher than
those of production. This analysis highlighted the importance of assessing trends in
emissions from emerging and developing countries when considering global burdens of responsibility for CO 2 emissions.
H. Haga
Department of Regional Design and Development, Department of Business Economics,
University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
e-mail: hhaga@sun.ac.jp
W. Zhou (*)
College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
e-mail: zhou@sps.ritsumei.ac.jp
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
W. Zhou et al. (eds.), East Asian Low-Carbon Community,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4339-9_16
289