Fixed annual operation and maintenance costs of technology i
(Yen/kW)
FOMv i
Variable operation and maintenance costs of technology i (Yen/kWh)
PVInt i
Rated capacity of PV cells (kW/m
2 )
HSLTime Expected lifetime of heat storage unit (year)
HSFCost
Fixed capital cost of heat storage unit (Yen)
HSVCost Variable capital cost of heat storage unit (Yen/kWh)
ESFCost
Fixed capital cost of electricity storage unit (Yen)
ESVCost
Variable capital cost of electricity storage unit (Yen/kWh)
ESLTime Expected lifetime of electricity storage unit (year)
ESmax
Maximum dispatch level of electricity storage (kWh)
ESmin
Minimum dispatch level of electricity storage (kWh)
U(i)
Set of end uses that can be met by technology i
l
Distance between sites (m)
c p
Unit cost of pipeline (Yen/m)
Other Parameters
C total
Annual total cost (Yen)
C Elec
Electricity purchase cost (Yen)
C Gas
Gas purchase cost (Yen)
C Inv
Annualized investment cost (Yen)
C OM
Annual operational and maintenance costs (Yen)
C CTax
Carbon tax cost (Yen)
C Ss
Start and stop costs (Yen)
C Sal
Revenue from selling excess electricity
C inv,P
Investment cost for pipelines (Yen)
f C
Minimum cost objective (Yen)
f E
Minimum carbon emissions objective (kg)
f P
Minimum primary energy consumption objective (MJ)
CE Elec
Carbon emissions from grid electricity (kg)
CE Gas
Carbon emissions from gas purchase (kg)
EC Elec
Primary energy consumption of grid electricity (MJ)
EC Gas
Primary energy consumption of gas purchase (MJ)
MDays m
Number of days in each month m
PVp i,m,d,h Power generation of PV technology i (kW)
IRate
Interest rate on DER investments (%)
GHRate
Natural gas heat rate (kWh/m
3 )
PVArea i
Area of PV cells (m
2 )
α i
The amount of heat that can be recovered from unit kW of electricity
that is generated using DER technology i
β u
The amount of heat generated from unit of natural gas purchased for
end use u
γ i,u
The amount of useful heat that can be allocated to end use u from unit
kW of recovered heat from technology i
6 Development of a Tool to Optimize Urban-Rural Linkage and a Decentralized Power. . . 121
(Yen/kW)
FOMv i
Variable operation and maintenance costs of technology i (Yen/kWh)
PVInt i
Rated capacity of PV cells (kW/m
2 )
HSLTime Expected lifetime of heat storage unit (year)
HSFCost
Fixed capital cost of heat storage unit (Yen)
HSVCost Variable capital cost of heat storage unit (Yen/kWh)
ESFCost
Fixed capital cost of electricity storage unit (Yen)
ESVCost
Variable capital cost of electricity storage unit (Yen/kWh)
ESLTime Expected lifetime of electricity storage unit (year)
ESmax
Maximum dispatch level of electricity storage (kWh)
ESmin
Minimum dispatch level of electricity storage (kWh)
U(i)
Set of end uses that can be met by technology i
l
Distance between sites (m)
c p
Unit cost of pipeline (Yen/m)
Other Parameters
C total
Annual total cost (Yen)
C Elec
Electricity purchase cost (Yen)
C Gas
Gas purchase cost (Yen)
C Inv
Annualized investment cost (Yen)
C OM
Annual operational and maintenance costs (Yen)
C CTax
Carbon tax cost (Yen)
C Ss
Start and stop costs (Yen)
C Sal
Revenue from selling excess electricity
C inv,P
Investment cost for pipelines (Yen)
f C
Minimum cost objective (Yen)
f E
Minimum carbon emissions objective (kg)
f P
Minimum primary energy consumption objective (MJ)
CE Elec
Carbon emissions from grid electricity (kg)
CE Gas
Carbon emissions from gas purchase (kg)
EC Elec
Primary energy consumption of grid electricity (MJ)
EC Gas
Primary energy consumption of gas purchase (MJ)
MDays m
Number of days in each month m
PVp i,m,d,h Power generation of PV technology i (kW)
IRate
Interest rate on DER investments (%)
GHRate
Natural gas heat rate (kWh/m
3 )
PVArea i
Area of PV cells (m
2 )
α i
The amount of heat that can be recovered from unit kW of electricity
that is generated using DER technology i
β u
The amount of heat generated from unit of natural gas purchased for
end use u
γ i,u
The amount of useful heat that can be allocated to end use u from unit
kW of recovered heat from technology i
6 Development of a Tool to Optimize Urban-Rural Linkage and a Decentralized Power. . . 121