Solid waste
Garbage or refuse which is typically not disposed of
in a sewer or into a latrine.
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
A pit latrine with a black vent pipe going from the pit
to above the superstructure with a fly screen on top.
VIP latrines have the advantage over simple pit
latrines of removing flies and odors if designed,
built, and used properly.
WASH
An acronym that means water, sanitation, and
Hygiene. Access to WASH usually includes safe
water, appropriate sanitation, and hygiene education.
Adequate access to WASH can greatly reduce waterborne diseases in a community.
References
1. Diarrhea WHO (2013) Common illness, global killer. World Health Organization, US
2. McCarthy J (2014) How a lack of toilets puts India’s women at risk of assault. NPR News.
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/09/319529037/indias-rape-uproarignitesdemandto-end-open-defecation
3. United Nations (2019) Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
Report of the Secretary-General 2019 session. 26 July 2018–24 July 2019. Agenda items
5 (a) and 6. https://undocs.org/E/2019/68
4. Amadei B (2014) Engineering for sustainable human development: a guide to successful smallscale community projects. American Society of Civil Engineers
5. Montgomery M, Knight J, Heuckeroth D, Walker W (2020) Community-based latrine development with “Engineers Without Borders USA”. Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM), pp 1–27
6. Ryan BA, Mara DD (1983) Ventilated improved pit latrines: vent pipe design guidelines.
https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/321.4-6326.pdf
7. Mara DD (1985) The design of pour-flush latrines. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://sswm.
info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MARA%201985%20The%20Design%20of%
20Pour%20Flush%20Latrines_0.pdf
8. Russell S, Standard CH, Komino TP (2018) The sphere handbook. https://spherestandards.org/
wp-content/uploads/Sphere-Handbook-2018-EN.pdf
9. Davis J, Lambert R (2002) Engineering in emergencies. A practical guide for relief workers.
Practical Action Publishing
10. Franceys R, Pickford J, Reed R, World Health Organization (1992) A guide to the development
of on-site sanitation. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/onsitesan.
pdf
11. Engineers Without Borders USA (2017). Latrine checklist. 13 June 2017 (Article)
12. Harvey P (2007) Excreta disposal in emergencies: a field manual. © WEDC, Loughborough
University. https://www.unicef.org/cholera/Chapter_9_community/19_Interagency-Excreta_
disposal_in_emergencies.pdf
13. Gensch R, Jennings A, Renggli S, Reymond P (2018) Compendium of sanitation technologies
in emergencies—. https://www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Presse/emergency-sanita
tion-compendium.pdf
2 Village-Driven Latrines with “Engineers Without Borders USA”
61
Garbage or refuse which is typically not disposed of
in a sewer or into a latrine.
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
A pit latrine with a black vent pipe going from the pit
to above the superstructure with a fly screen on top.
VIP latrines have the advantage over simple pit
latrines of removing flies and odors if designed,
built, and used properly.
WASH
An acronym that means water, sanitation, and
Hygiene. Access to WASH usually includes safe
water, appropriate sanitation, and hygiene education.
Adequate access to WASH can greatly reduce waterborne diseases in a community.
References
1. Diarrhea WHO (2013) Common illness, global killer. World Health Organization, US
2. McCarthy J (2014) How a lack of toilets puts India’s women at risk of assault. NPR News.
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/09/319529037/indias-rape-uproarignitesdemandto-end-open-defecation
3. United Nations (2019) Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
Report of the Secretary-General 2019 session. 26 July 2018–24 July 2019. Agenda items
5 (a) and 6. https://undocs.org/E/2019/68
4. Amadei B (2014) Engineering for sustainable human development: a guide to successful smallscale community projects. American Society of Civil Engineers
5. Montgomery M, Knight J, Heuckeroth D, Walker W (2020) Community-based latrine development with “Engineers Without Borders USA”. Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM), pp 1–27
6. Ryan BA, Mara DD (1983) Ventilated improved pit latrines: vent pipe design guidelines.
https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/321.4-6326.pdf
7. Mara DD (1985) The design of pour-flush latrines. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://sswm.
info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MARA%201985%20The%20Design%20of%
20Pour%20Flush%20Latrines_0.pdf
8. Russell S, Standard CH, Komino TP (2018) The sphere handbook. https://spherestandards.org/
wp-content/uploads/Sphere-Handbook-2018-EN.pdf
9. Davis J, Lambert R (2002) Engineering in emergencies. A practical guide for relief workers.
Practical Action Publishing
10. Franceys R, Pickford J, Reed R, World Health Organization (1992) A guide to the development
of on-site sanitation. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/onsitesan.
11. Engineers Without Borders USA (2017). Latrine checklist. 13 June 2017 (Article)
12. Harvey P (2007) Excreta disposal in emergencies: a field manual. © WEDC, Loughborough
University. https://www.unicef.org/cholera/Chapter_9_community/19_Interagency-Excreta_
disposal_in_emergencies.pdf
13. Gensch R, Jennings A, Renggli S, Reymond P (2018) Compendium of sanitation technologies
in emergencies—. https://www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Presse/emergency-sanita
tion-compendium.pdf
2 Village-Driven Latrines with “Engineers Without Borders USA”
61