America. Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world. Typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in freshwater, migrate to the ocean,
then return to freshwater to reproduce. However, populations of several
species are restricted to freshwater through their lives. Folklore has it that
the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. Tracking studies
have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may
stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying
depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to
depend on olfactory memory.
Soil
Complex mixture of inorganic minerals (i.e., mostly clay, silt, and sand),
decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms.
Soil carbon
A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in the carbon cycle. The
amount of carbon in the soil is a function of the historical vegetative cover and
productivity, which in turn is dependent in part upon climatic variables. The
amount of carbon in the soil is a function of the historical vegetative cover and
productivity which in turn is dependent in part upon climatic variables.
Solar energy
Also called solar radiation. Energy from the Sun. Also referred to as shortwave radiation. Of importance to the climate system, solar radiation includes
ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation. It also includes
indirect forms of energy such as wind falling or flowing water’s hydropower,
ocean thermal gradients, and biomass, which are produced when direct solar
energy interact with the earth
Solar radiation
Radiation emitted by the Sun. It is also referred to as short-wave radiation.
Solar radiation has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) determined
by the temperature of the Sun. Of importance to the climate system, solar
radiation includes ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared
radiation.
Source
Any process or activity that releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a
precursor of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere
Stratosphere
The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and between the troposphere and mesosphere. The stratosphere extends from about 8–50 km
(6–31 miles) in altitude. Specifically it has a lower boundary of approximately
8 km at the poles to 15 km at the equator and an upper boundary of
approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude and season, the temperature
in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal, or even decrease with
altitude, but the temperature in the upper stratosphere generally increases with
height due to absorption of solar radiation by ozone. So the stratosphere gets
warmer at higher altitudes. In fact, this warming is caused by ozone absorbing
ultraviolet radiation. Warm air remains in the upper stratosphere, and cool air
remains lower, so there is much less vertical mixing in this region than in the
troposphere. Commercial airlines fly in the lower stratosphere.
Terrestrial
radiation
The total infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere in the
temperature range of approximately 200 to 300 Kelvin. Terrestrial radiation
provides a major part of the potential energy changes necessary to drive the
atmospheric wind system and is responsible for maintaining the surface air
temperature within limits of livability.
Troposphere
(a) The region of the atmosphere closest to the earth. The troposphere extends
from the surface up to about 10 km (6 miles) in altitude, although this height
varies with latitude. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere.
Mt. Everest, the highest mountain on earth, is only 8.8 km (5.5 miles) high.
Temperatures decrease with altitude in the troposphere. As warm air rises, it
cools, falling back to earth. This process, known as convection, means there
are huge air movements that mix the troposphere very efficiently. (b) The
1 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change on Glaciers and Salmons
33
then return to freshwater to reproduce. However, populations of several
species are restricted to freshwater through their lives. Folklore has it that
the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. Tracking studies
have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may
stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying
depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to
depend on olfactory memory.
Soil
Complex mixture of inorganic minerals (i.e., mostly clay, silt, and sand),
decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms.
Soil carbon
A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in the carbon cycle. The
amount of carbon in the soil is a function of the historical vegetative cover and
productivity, which in turn is dependent in part upon climatic variables. The
amount of carbon in the soil is a function of the historical vegetative cover and
productivity which in turn is dependent in part upon climatic variables.
Solar energy
Also called solar radiation. Energy from the Sun. Also referred to as shortwave radiation. Of importance to the climate system, solar radiation includes
ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation. It also includes
indirect forms of energy such as wind falling or flowing water’s hydropower,
ocean thermal gradients, and biomass, which are produced when direct solar
energy interact with the earth
Solar radiation
Radiation emitted by the Sun. It is also referred to as short-wave radiation.
Solar radiation has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) determined
by the temperature of the Sun. Of importance to the climate system, solar
radiation includes ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared
radiation.
Source
Any process or activity that releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a
precursor of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere
Stratosphere
The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and between the troposphere and mesosphere. The stratosphere extends from about 8–50 km
(6–31 miles) in altitude. Specifically it has a lower boundary of approximately
8 km at the poles to 15 km at the equator and an upper boundary of
approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude and season, the temperature
in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal, or even decrease with
altitude, but the temperature in the upper stratosphere generally increases with
height due to absorption of solar radiation by ozone. So the stratosphere gets
warmer at higher altitudes. In fact, this warming is caused by ozone absorbing
ultraviolet radiation. Warm air remains in the upper stratosphere, and cool air
remains lower, so there is much less vertical mixing in this region than in the
troposphere. Commercial airlines fly in the lower stratosphere.
Terrestrial
radiation
The total infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere in the
temperature range of approximately 200 to 300 Kelvin. Terrestrial radiation
provides a major part of the potential energy changes necessary to drive the
atmospheric wind system and is responsible for maintaining the surface air
temperature within limits of livability.
Troposphere
(a) The region of the atmosphere closest to the earth. The troposphere extends
from the surface up to about 10 km (6 miles) in altitude, although this height
varies with latitude. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere.
Mt. Everest, the highest mountain on earth, is only 8.8 km (5.5 miles) high.
Temperatures decrease with altitude in the troposphere. As warm air rises, it
cools, falling back to earth. This process, known as convection, means there
are huge air movements that mix the troposphere very efficiently. (b) The
1 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change on Glaciers and Salmons
33