U
Ultimate BOD (mg/L of O 2 ) (BOD t ), 111
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), 201
UTM projection, 233
Universe, 233
Unsupervised classification, 205, 207
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), 352
US Environmental Protection Agency
(US EPA), 9, 178, 216, 217, 278
US Environmental Regulations, 186, 187
US Geological Survey (USGS), 11
V
Vacuum tube, 117
Value, 233
Variable capacitors, 161
Variance, 233
Vector, 233
Vector approach, 209
Vehicles, 291
Ventilated improved pit (VIP), 47, 55, 56,
58, 59
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), 61
VFA composition, 420, 421
Village-driven approach, 40
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 330, 416
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 297
Volatile suspended solid (VSS), 416
Volcanoes, 288
W
Wafers, 154–156
WASH, 61
Waste generation
ammonia, 171
CRT, 171, 178, 179, 181
etching and cleaning processes, 171
on-site discharge, 171
pollution prevention, 178, 184, 185
PWBs, 171, 176, 177
semiconductor manufacturing facilities,
171–175
TRI, 171–175, 178, 182, 183
Wastes rich, 335
Wastewater, 247
Wastewater characterization, 122–126, 129
Wastewater treatment
flowchart, 186
luminescent material, 186
Water audits, 241, 243
Water distribution network, 244, 247
Water framework directive (WFD), 68, 110
Water loss control program, 240, 241, 243
Water losses
accurate meter, 242
acoustic equipment detects, 242
Ar-Riyadh, 243–245
billing data discrepancies, 242
chemical detection, 242
cities and countries, 239
classification, leakage levels, 250
control program, 240, 241, 243
demographic survey, study areas, 248
electromagnetic field detection, 242
evaluation, 241
field study and problems
sanitary drainage sewers, 247
storm drainage system, 247, 249
water distribution network, Ar-Riyadh,
244, 247
impacts, 252, 253
intervention process, 241
leak detection equipment, 242
leakage control program, 253
leakage rate variation, pressure, 246
location, 242
maintaining system infrastructure, 240
methodology, 241
municipal wet infrastructures, 243, 244
O&M, 243
percentage, 246
pipe stretch, 245, 246
potable water network, 252
PWS, 241
quantification, leakage, 247
repair techniques, 242
replacement, 242
routine inspection, sanitary/storm ,
sewers,253
sanitary drainage sewers, 249
sanitary drainage system, 251
storm drainage system, 252
thermal detection, 242
tracer gas, 242
water audits, 241
water supply system, 249, 250
Water purification, 395, 396, 407
magnetic separation, 403, 404
Water quality, 110
calcification, 68, 72, 75
chemical/microbiological quality, 66
dissolved oxygen (see Dissolved oxygen)
Dynamic Factor Analysis, 66
environmental concern/activity, 65
446
Index
Ultimate BOD (mg/L of O 2 ) (BOD t ), 111
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), 201
UTM projection, 233
Universe, 233
Unsupervised classification, 205, 207
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), 352
US Environmental Protection Agency
(US EPA), 9, 178, 216, 217, 278
US Environmental Regulations, 186, 187
US Geological Survey (USGS), 11
V
Vacuum tube, 117
Value, 233
Variable capacitors, 161
Variance, 233
Vector, 233
Vector approach, 209
Vehicles, 291
Ventilated improved pit (VIP), 47, 55, 56,
58, 59
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), 61
VFA composition, 420, 421
Village-driven approach, 40
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 330, 416
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 297
Volatile suspended solid (VSS), 416
Volcanoes, 288
W
Wafers, 154–156
WASH, 61
Waste generation
ammonia, 171
CRT, 171, 178, 179, 181
etching and cleaning processes, 171
on-site discharge, 171
pollution prevention, 178, 184, 185
PWBs, 171, 176, 177
semiconductor manufacturing facilities,
171–175
TRI, 171–175, 178, 182, 183
Wastes rich, 335
Wastewater, 247
Wastewater characterization, 122–126, 129
Wastewater treatment
flowchart, 186
luminescent material, 186
Water audits, 241, 243
Water distribution network, 244, 247
Water framework directive (WFD), 68, 110
Water loss control program, 240, 241, 243
Water losses
accurate meter, 242
acoustic equipment detects, 242
Ar-Riyadh, 243–245
billing data discrepancies, 242
chemical detection, 242
cities and countries, 239
classification, leakage levels, 250
control program, 240, 241, 243
demographic survey, study areas, 248
electromagnetic field detection, 242
evaluation, 241
field study and problems
sanitary drainage sewers, 247
storm drainage system, 247, 249
water distribution network, Ar-Riyadh,
244, 247
impacts, 252, 253
intervention process, 241
leak detection equipment, 242
leakage control program, 253
leakage rate variation, pressure, 246
location, 242
maintaining system infrastructure, 240
methodology, 241
municipal wet infrastructures, 243, 244
O&M, 243
percentage, 246
pipe stretch, 245, 246
potable water network, 252
PWS, 241
quantification, leakage, 247
repair techniques, 242
replacement, 242
routine inspection, sanitary/storm ,
sewers,253
sanitary drainage sewers, 249
sanitary drainage system, 251
storm drainage system, 252
thermal detection, 242
tracer gas, 242
water audits, 241
water supply system, 249, 250
Water purification, 395, 396, 407
magnetic separation, 403, 404
Water quality, 110
calcification, 68, 72, 75
chemical/microbiological quality, 66
dissolved oxygen (see Dissolved oxygen)
Dynamic Factor Analysis, 66
environmental concern/activity, 65
446
Index