including Nina Pullano has now provided the first detailed measurements of the
underwater changes over time. Their scientific findings suggest that the theories and
principles currently used to gauge tidewater glacier changes are significantly
underestimating glaciers’ ice loss because the overall trend of glacier retreat around
the world is caused by both warming air and warming oceans [31].
5 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change
on Salmon and Ecosystem
5.1 Salmon Protection
Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family
Salmonidae. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as
the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are
intensively farmed in many parts of the world.
Typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in freshwater, migrate to the ocean,
then return to freshwater to reproduce. However, populations of several species are
restricted to freshwater through their lives. Folklore has it that the fish return to the
Fig. 1.7 Scientists who investigated the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA, in
July 2019. (Note: Dr. Lawrence K. Wang 王 抗 曝, Dr. Mu-Hao Sung Wang 宋 慕 浩, Mrs. Sandra
Ma Wang 馬 曉 蘭, and Dr. Nai-Yi Wang 王 乃 彝, from left to right)
1 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change on Glaciers and Salmons
17
underwater changes over time. Their scientific findings suggest that the theories and
principles currently used to gauge tidewater glacier changes are significantly
underestimating glaciers’ ice loss because the overall trend of glacier retreat around
the world is caused by both warming air and warming oceans [31].
5 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change
on Salmon and Ecosystem
5.1 Salmon Protection
Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family
Salmonidae. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as
the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are
intensively farmed in many parts of the world.
Typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in freshwater, migrate to the ocean,
then return to freshwater to reproduce. However, populations of several species are
restricted to freshwater through their lives. Folklore has it that the fish return to the
Fig. 1.7 Scientists who investigated the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA, in
July 2019. (Note: Dr. Lawrence K. Wang 王 抗 曝, Dr. Mu-Hao Sung Wang 宋 慕 浩, Mrs. Sandra
Ma Wang 馬 曉 蘭, and Dr. Nai-Yi Wang 王 乃 彝, from left to right)
1 Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change on Glaciers and Salmons
17