Glossary [83–87]
Acid rain
Precipitation having a pH lower than the pH range commonly
found in natural waters, caused by absorption from the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas and/or other acid-causing
substances, such as nitrogen oxides NOx, which then forms
sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, in solution. It is also
called acid precipitation.
AquaDAF
A rectangular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF)
manufactured by and commercially available from SUEZ
Water Technologies and Solutions, 8007 Discovery Drive,
Richmond, VA 23229, USA
Clari-DAF
A rectangular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF),
manufactured by and commercially available from Xylem
Water & Wastewater, 227 S. Division St, Zelienople, PA
16063, USA
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
One of dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when air is used
for generation of gas bubbles. See dissolved gas flotation
(DGF).
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) It is a process involving pressurization of gas at 25–95 psig for
dissolving gas into water and subsequent release of pressure
(to one atm) under laminar flow hydraulic conditions for generating extremely fine gas bubbles (20–80 microns) which
become attached to the impurities to be removed and rise to
the water surface together. The impurities or pollutants to be
removed are on the water surface are called float or scum which
scooped off by sludge collection means. The clarified water is
discharged from the flotation clarifier’s bottom. The gas flow
rate is about one percent of influent liquid flow rate. The attachment of gas bubbles to the impurities can be a result of physical
entrapment, electrochemical attraction, surface adsorption,
and/or gas stripping. The specific gravity of the bubble-impurity
agglomerate is less than one, resulting in buoyancy or
non-selective flotation (i.e., Save-All).
KAMET
Krofta Advanced Municipal Effluent Treatment, which is a
circular combined Supracell-Sandfloat (DAF-D AFF) package
plant manufactured by and commercially available from Kroftarelated companies worldwide.
Lake
It is an inland body of water, fresh or salt, of considerable size
(usually more than 50 acres (more than 200,000 square meters))
and occupying a basin or hollow on the Earth’s surface.
Lake restoration
Clean the lake water or soil in order to restore it to original
natural conditions.
LIWT
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, which is a nonprofit
educational organization with a goal of scientific development
and world peace.
Sandfloat
A circular combined dissolved air flotation and sand filtration
package plant (DAFF) manufactured by and commercially
available from Krofta Engineering Corporation-related companies worldwide.
Supracell
A circular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF) manufactured
by and commercially available from Krofta-related companies
worldwide.
7 Lake Restoration
307
Acid rain
Precipitation having a pH lower than the pH range commonly
found in natural waters, caused by absorption from the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas and/or other acid-causing
substances, such as nitrogen oxides NOx, which then forms
sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, in solution. It is also
called acid precipitation.
AquaDAF
A rectangular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF)
manufactured by and commercially available from SUEZ
Water Technologies and Solutions, 8007 Discovery Drive,
Richmond, VA 23229, USA
Clari-DAF
A rectangular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF),
manufactured by and commercially available from Xylem
Water & Wastewater, 227 S. Division St, Zelienople, PA
16063, USA
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
One of dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when air is used
for generation of gas bubbles. See dissolved gas flotation
(DGF).
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) It is a process involving pressurization of gas at 25–95 psig for
dissolving gas into water and subsequent release of pressure
(to one atm) under laminar flow hydraulic conditions for generating extremely fine gas bubbles (20–80 microns) which
become attached to the impurities to be removed and rise to
the water surface together. The impurities or pollutants to be
removed are on the water surface are called float or scum which
scooped off by sludge collection means. The clarified water is
discharged from the flotation clarifier’s bottom. The gas flow
rate is about one percent of influent liquid flow rate. The attachment of gas bubbles to the impurities can be a result of physical
entrapment, electrochemical attraction, surface adsorption,
and/or gas stripping. The specific gravity of the bubble-impurity
agglomerate is less than one, resulting in buoyancy or
non-selective flotation (i.e., Save-All).
KAMET
Krofta Advanced Municipal Effluent Treatment, which is a
circular combined Supracell-Sandfloat (DAF-D AFF) package
plant manufactured by and commercially available from Kroftarelated companies worldwide.
Lake
It is an inland body of water, fresh or salt, of considerable size
(usually more than 50 acres (more than 200,000 square meters))
and occupying a basin or hollow on the Earth’s surface.
Lake restoration
Clean the lake water or soil in order to restore it to original
natural conditions.
LIWT
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, which is a nonprofit
educational organization with a goal of scientific development
and world peace.
Sandfloat
A circular combined dissolved air flotation and sand filtration
package plant (DAFF) manufactured by and commercially
available from Krofta Engineering Corporation-related companies worldwide.
Supracell
A circular dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF) manufactured
by and commercially available from Krofta-related companies
worldwide.
7 Lake Restoration
307