Chapter 6
Investigation and Management of Water
Losses from Wet Infrastructure
Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, Mohamed A. Khadam, and
Yousef Al-Feraiheedi
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
2 Management and Control of Leakage . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
3 The Study City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 243
4 Leak Detection and Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.1 Water Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.2 Sanitary Drainage Sewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.3 The Storm Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.1 Leakage from the Water Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.2 Leakage from the Sanitary Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.3 Leakage from the Storm Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Abstract During the past few decades, the city of Ar-Riyadh, the capital of Saudi
Arabia, has seen a significant increase in urbanization, from a gross residential area
of 8500 ha in 1980 to 62,712 ha in 1990 and up to 155,500 ha in 2015 (33, 242 and
600 mi
2 , respectively). This increase in urbanization in one and three decades was
accompanied by a corresponding increase in population from 850,000 to 1,622,000
and up to 6,500,000. This has led to a great increase in water consumption that has
reached 620 L/cap/day (164 gpcd). Most of this water is imported into the
Ar-Riyadh environment, but the capability of that environment to dispose of the
excess water or wastewater by means of infiltration or evaporation is limited.
N. K. Shammas · L. K. Wang (*)
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA
M. A. Khadam
Civil Engineering Department, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Y. Al-Feraiheedi
Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA), Ar-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.), Integrated Natural
Resources Management, Handbook of Environmental Engineering 20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55172-8_6
237
Investigation and Management of Water
Losses from Wet Infrastructure
Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, Mohamed A. Khadam, and
Yousef Al-Feraiheedi
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
2 Management and Control of Leakage . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
3 The Study City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 243
4 Leak Detection and Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.1 Water Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.2 Sanitary Drainage Sewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.3 The Storm Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.1 Leakage from the Water Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.2 Leakage from the Sanitary Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.3 Leakage from the Storm Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Abstract During the past few decades, the city of Ar-Riyadh, the capital of Saudi
Arabia, has seen a significant increase in urbanization, from a gross residential area
of 8500 ha in 1980 to 62,712 ha in 1990 and up to 155,500 ha in 2015 (33, 242 and
600 mi
2 , respectively). This increase in urbanization in one and three decades was
accompanied by a corresponding increase in population from 850,000 to 1,622,000
and up to 6,500,000. This has led to a great increase in water consumption that has
reached 620 L/cap/day (164 gpcd). Most of this water is imported into the
Ar-Riyadh environment, but the capability of that environment to dispose of the
excess water or wastewater by means of infiltration or evaporation is limited.
N. K. Shammas · L. K. Wang (*)
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA
M. A. Khadam
Civil Engineering Department, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Y. Al-Feraiheedi
Ar-Riyadh Development Authority (ADA), Ar-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.), Integrated Natural
Resources Management, Handbook of Environmental Engineering 20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55172-8_6
237