sedimentation in a clarifier for dilute acid wastes and vacuum filtration of finely
dewatered sludge that is generated from the sedimentation process.
The following treatment processes are the BAT treatment recommended for the
semiconductor subcategory and involve those suggested under BPT above. They are
recycling off dilute acid wastewater to the water production unit, without any
treatment. Also, the solvents are separated and recovered for reuse. This is followed
by treatment of the filtrate resulting from sludge dewatering process in carbonpacked adsorber before discharge. The summary of estimate of the total annual
cost for all the treatment systems identified in the semiconductor category is shown
in Table 4.29.
2.6 Capacitor Subcategory
2.6.1 Description Production Process
Two distinct components that are manufactured in the capacitor industry are variable
and fixed capacitors. The fixed capacitors consist of conductive and dielectric surfaces
in a well-arranged structure [21]. The layered structure is in two forms: rigid plates
and thin flexible sheets. The type of conducting material, dielectric material, and
encapsulating material distinguishes one type of fixed capacitor from the other. The
application, uses, and examples of fixed capacitors are summarized in Table 4.30.
Table 4.29 Total annual unit costs for treatment of semiconductor subcategory wastewater
Level of treatment
Flow
a
Cost
a
Flow
Cost
Flow
Cost
Level 1
107
0.03
1700
0.10
7330
0.07
Level 2
27
0.83
426
0.23
1830
0.17
Level 3
27
1.5
426
0.56
1830
0.46
a Flow rate, liter/min, and cost, c/liter in August 1979 dollars
Table 4.30 The application, uses, and examples of fixed capacitors
Application Purposes (uses)
Example
Energy
storage
devices
Accumulation of electrical energy at a
rate and discharging the energy at a
faster rate
Motor starting capacitor, fluorescent
lamp ballasts, automotive ignition
condensers
Protective
devices
In combination with resistors, are used
for reducing radio interference caused
by arcing
Electrical instrumentation, television
components, audio equipment, specialized instrumentation
Bypass
devices
Prevention of flow of direct current
from impeding the flow of alternate
current. Attenuation of low-frequency
current while allowing the bypass of
higher-frequency current
Television components, audio equipment, specialized instrumentation
Source: [20]
160
O. S. Amuda et al.
dewatered sludge that is generated from the sedimentation process.
The following treatment processes are the BAT treatment recommended for the
semiconductor subcategory and involve those suggested under BPT above. They are
recycling off dilute acid wastewater to the water production unit, without any
treatment. Also, the solvents are separated and recovered for reuse. This is followed
by treatment of the filtrate resulting from sludge dewatering process in carbonpacked adsorber before discharge. The summary of estimate of the total annual
cost for all the treatment systems identified in the semiconductor category is shown
in Table 4.29.
2.6 Capacitor Subcategory
2.6.1 Description Production Process
Two distinct components that are manufactured in the capacitor industry are variable
and fixed capacitors. The fixed capacitors consist of conductive and dielectric surfaces
in a well-arranged structure [21]. The layered structure is in two forms: rigid plates
and thin flexible sheets. The type of conducting material, dielectric material, and
encapsulating material distinguishes one type of fixed capacitor from the other. The
application, uses, and examples of fixed capacitors are summarized in Table 4.30.
Table 4.29 Total annual unit costs for treatment of semiconductor subcategory wastewater
Level of treatment
Flow
a
Cost
a
Flow
Cost
Flow
Cost
Level 1
107
0.03
1700
0.10
7330
0.07
Level 2
27
0.83
426
0.23
1830
0.17
Level 3
27
1.5
426
0.56
1830
0.46
a Flow rate, liter/min, and cost, c/liter in August 1979 dollars
Table 4.30 The application, uses, and examples of fixed capacitors
Application Purposes (uses)
Example
Energy
storage
devices
Accumulation of electrical energy at a
rate and discharging the energy at a
faster rate
Motor starting capacitor, fluorescent
lamp ballasts, automotive ignition
condensers
Protective
devices
In combination with resistors, are used
for reducing radio interference caused
by arcing
Electrical instrumentation, television
components, audio equipment, specialized instrumentation
Bypass
devices
Prevention of flow of direct current
from impeding the flow of alternate
current. Attenuation of low-frequency
current while allowing the bypass of
higher-frequency current
Television components, audio equipment, specialized instrumentation
Source: [20]
160
O. S. Amuda et al.