88
N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
pretty popular among the residents. This again provides an opportunity for integration
of public transit and app-based shared mobility wherein the Yulu bike services can
be utilized for first- or last-mile connectivity. The same can be utilized to improve
the metro ridership as well.
On an average, a 30 min trip in Bengaluru during the off-peak hours is now covered
in 82.5 min during the AM peak hours and 73.8 min during the PM peak hours due
to congestion. As a result, the maximum cost (INR) of additional petrol consumed
during daily trips, AM and PM peak hours ranged unto Rs. 420 per day in the major
routes analyzed. The cost of additional fuel emissions per day in terms of carbon
dioxide was also recorded to be Rs. 99 per day during AM peak hours and Rs. 95
during PM peak hours. The maximum cost incurred has been observed on the route
connecting Malleshwaram to Whitefield. Hence, it is recommended to form such
rules for the workforce of companies present in these areas that they are compelled
to use carpooling services if not the public transit. It is recommended that carsharing
services and industry/office specific shuttle services be encouraged for these areas
to reduce congestion.
It is very clear from the PTAL map of BBMP that the public transit services are not
equally accessible for the residents. The areas having lower Accessibility Index are
observed to have higher numbers of Uber trip generation and attraction. This case is
observed specifically in the eastern wards of BBMP which recorded an Accessibility
Index ranging from 1a to 3 (very poor public transit accessibility). It confirms the
fact that people living in the eastern wards of BBMP rely on either their personal
vehicles or ABSM for their transportation. This is again the reason why the route
toward Whitefield was found to be the most congested in Sect. 3.5.2. To combat
these issues, it is recommended that the focus of mode integration be accessibility
and equity of services in the whole of BBMP.
Covid-19 has taken a toll on ABSM services with more people fearing sanitation
issues in the shared vehicles and hence opting for either no travel or personalized
vehicles. This will further lead to increase in carbon emissions in the cities, which
is why immediate steps need to be taken to improve the confidence of customers in
the services.
3.8 Future Work
The methodology of this chapter can be adopted for the study of other cities. The
Travel Time Index of various areas can be analyzed with respect to the landuse to
conclude which areas are best suited for residential purpose. Hence, commuting
data of a city can be utilized to assess the labor market efficiencies [10]. Further,
the long-term effect of these changing priorities from ownership to accessibility can
be forecasted to see the change it will have on mode-share of the city. Also, the
revealed preference survey can be conducted in a much more organized manner to
gain insights on travel behavior of city-residents. For example, separate surveys can
be conducted for peripheral and central business district or else for the employees
N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
pretty popular among the residents. This again provides an opportunity for integration
of public transit and app-based shared mobility wherein the Yulu bike services can
be utilized for first- or last-mile connectivity. The same can be utilized to improve
the metro ridership as well.
On an average, a 30 min trip in Bengaluru during the off-peak hours is now covered
in 82.5 min during the AM peak hours and 73.8 min during the PM peak hours due
to congestion. As a result, the maximum cost (INR) of additional petrol consumed
during daily trips, AM and PM peak hours ranged unto Rs. 420 per day in the major
routes analyzed. The cost of additional fuel emissions per day in terms of carbon
dioxide was also recorded to be Rs. 99 per day during AM peak hours and Rs. 95
during PM peak hours. The maximum cost incurred has been observed on the route
connecting Malleshwaram to Whitefield. Hence, it is recommended to form such
rules for the workforce of companies present in these areas that they are compelled
to use carpooling services if not the public transit. It is recommended that carsharing
services and industry/office specific shuttle services be encouraged for these areas
to reduce congestion.
It is very clear from the PTAL map of BBMP that the public transit services are not
equally accessible for the residents. The areas having lower Accessibility Index are
observed to have higher numbers of Uber trip generation and attraction. This case is
observed specifically in the eastern wards of BBMP which recorded an Accessibility
Index ranging from 1a to 3 (very poor public transit accessibility). It confirms the
fact that people living in the eastern wards of BBMP rely on either their personal
vehicles or ABSM for their transportation. This is again the reason why the route
toward Whitefield was found to be the most congested in Sect. 3.5.2. To combat
these issues, it is recommended that the focus of mode integration be accessibility
and equity of services in the whole of BBMP.
Covid-19 has taken a toll on ABSM services with more people fearing sanitation
issues in the shared vehicles and hence opting for either no travel or personalized
vehicles. This will further lead to increase in carbon emissions in the cities, which
is why immediate steps need to be taken to improve the confidence of customers in
the services.
3.8 Future Work
The methodology of this chapter can be adopted for the study of other cities. The
Travel Time Index of various areas can be analyzed with respect to the landuse to
conclude which areas are best suited for residential purpose. Hence, commuting
data of a city can be utilized to assess the labor market efficiencies [10]. Further,
the long-term effect of these changing priorities from ownership to accessibility can
be forecasted to see the change it will have on mode-share of the city. Also, the
revealed preference survey can be conducted in a much more organized manner to
gain insights on travel behavior of city-residents. For example, separate surveys can
be conducted for peripheral and central business district or else for the employees