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N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
convergence under a new heading, i.e., Smart Sustainable Cities. There are five developments which can be said to be the seeds from which this concept has emerged.
They include Sustainable Urban Development and Sustainable Cities, Problems and
Sustainable Development, Globalization of Environmental Urbanization and Urban
Growth, Information and Communication Technologies, and Smart Cities. The definition of smart sustainable city can be written as a rewrite of Brundtland definition of
sustainability with a small addition as follows: A Smart Sustainable City is one which
meets the needs of its present inhabitants, without compromising the ability for other
people or future generations to meet their needs, and thus, does not exceed local or
planetary environmental limitations, and where this is supported by Information and
Communication Technologies [19].
Mobility forms an integral aspect of a smart city [4, 6] and hence stays as an
important factor of a smart sustainable city. Research conclusions and the present
state of mobility in most of the urbanized areas are enough proof of the adverse
impacts badly managed mobility systems have on the quality of life. One prominent way to achieve sustainable transport systems is through smart mobility. Smart
mobility is a set of actions and projects, with different goals, contents, and technological intensity. In conclusion, it can be said that smart mobility is a multidimensional
topic, which involves all paradigms of smart city and generates multiple benefits
for all stakeholders of a smart city [35]. The organization HERE Mobility defines
smart mobility as an integration of different modes of transport and infrastructure to
make travel cleaner, safer, and efficient. It facilitates communication between a user
and the mode of transport using Internet of Things (IoT) [27]. A smart city cannot
possibly exist without smart mobility which integrates automation and smart connectivity into existing infrastructure to help reshape the city’s transport system [16].
Disruptive mobility (ridesourcing, carsharing, bikesharing, ABSM, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, etc.) prevalent these days forms an integral part of smart
mobility. It focuses on the accessibility of products/services to the consumers rather
than its ownership. This study will particularly focus on App-based Shared Mobility.
It has been observed that the markets in the last decade are giving way to
networks as a result of which alternative modes of consumption and acquisition
have emerged. It has become a popular trend of the market wherein consumers,
instead of buying/owning things, are shifting their focus toward having access to
goods and experiencing temporary access to them. In short, ownership is no longer
the ultimate desire of consumers [6]. Hence, many business models have come up
wherein such customer-demands are satisfied by sharing resources, services, and
products with the help of peer communities or technology. Examples of such access
models include a wide variety across a range of products, like carsharing (Ola, Uber,
Zoom, Zipcar), bike-rentals (Hubway, Yulu), fashion (Bag borrow, Rent the Runway,
Borrowed bling), etc. Though this idea of shared resources has been prevalent since
a long time now, it is gaining much more popularity, all thanks to the Internet and
capitalist marketplace trading in cultural resources instead of material objects [7].
Such consumption which is primarily access-based is defined as a market-mediated
transaction wherein no transfer of ownership is done and only consumption time of
the item is acquired by the customer. In the case of market-mediated cases of access,
N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
convergence under a new heading, i.e., Smart Sustainable Cities. There are five developments which can be said to be the seeds from which this concept has emerged.
They include Sustainable Urban Development and Sustainable Cities, Problems and
Sustainable Development, Globalization of Environmental Urbanization and Urban
Growth, Information and Communication Technologies, and Smart Cities. The definition of smart sustainable city can be written as a rewrite of Brundtland definition of
sustainability with a small addition as follows: A Smart Sustainable City is one which
meets the needs of its present inhabitants, without compromising the ability for other
people or future generations to meet their needs, and thus, does not exceed local or
planetary environmental limitations, and where this is supported by Information and
Communication Technologies [19].
Mobility forms an integral aspect of a smart city [4, 6] and hence stays as an
important factor of a smart sustainable city. Research conclusions and the present
state of mobility in most of the urbanized areas are enough proof of the adverse
impacts badly managed mobility systems have on the quality of life. One prominent way to achieve sustainable transport systems is through smart mobility. Smart
mobility is a set of actions and projects, with different goals, contents, and technological intensity. In conclusion, it can be said that smart mobility is a multidimensional
topic, which involves all paradigms of smart city and generates multiple benefits
for all stakeholders of a smart city [35]. The organization HERE Mobility defines
smart mobility as an integration of different modes of transport and infrastructure to
make travel cleaner, safer, and efficient. It facilitates communication between a user
and the mode of transport using Internet of Things (IoT) [27]. A smart city cannot
possibly exist without smart mobility which integrates automation and smart connectivity into existing infrastructure to help reshape the city’s transport system [16].
Disruptive mobility (ridesourcing, carsharing, bikesharing, ABSM, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, etc.) prevalent these days forms an integral part of smart
mobility. It focuses on the accessibility of products/services to the consumers rather
than its ownership. This study will particularly focus on App-based Shared Mobility.
It has been observed that the markets in the last decade are giving way to
networks as a result of which alternative modes of consumption and acquisition
have emerged. It has become a popular trend of the market wherein consumers,
instead of buying/owning things, are shifting their focus toward having access to
goods and experiencing temporary access to them. In short, ownership is no longer
the ultimate desire of consumers [6]. Hence, many business models have come up
wherein such customer-demands are satisfied by sharing resources, services, and
products with the help of peer communities or technology. Examples of such access
models include a wide variety across a range of products, like carsharing (Ola, Uber,
Zoom, Zipcar), bike-rentals (Hubway, Yulu), fashion (Bag borrow, Rent the Runway,
Borrowed bling), etc. Though this idea of shared resources has been prevalent since
a long time now, it is gaining much more popularity, all thanks to the Internet and
capitalist marketplace trading in cultural resources instead of material objects [7].
Such consumption which is primarily access-based is defined as a market-mediated
transaction wherein no transfer of ownership is done and only consumption time of
the item is acquired by the customer. In the case of market-mediated cases of access,