8 COVID-19 and Its Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emissions
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and state to state level as some countries are using less fossil fuel and some are
using higher for power generation. Thus, country specific sector wise date would be
different than the global level of sector wise CO 2 emission. For example, in China
around 22.2% of industrial CO 2 emission is accounted for cement producing industry
[13].
8.3 Monitoring of CO 2 Emission
Real time monitoring of CO 2 emission is very much critical to understand the climate
change due to greenhouse gasses. However, despite it is critically important, systems
are not sufficient for monitoring real time CO 2 emission [12]. Currently, CO 2 emission data released either early or monthly and most often after the end of the calendar
year. Regardless of this, some representative near-real time date at monthly interval.
Some countries use the data of fossil fuel use at the monthly level for monitoring
CO 2 emission that is usually released by monthly interval later [1, 6]. Although, nearreal time observation of atmospheric CO 2 is monitored, large variability in carbon
cycle and meteorology could mask the anthropogenic variability in short period [2,
19]. Satellite measurement of real-time CO 2 emission also could be done. However,
large uncertainties and variability in natural CO 2 fluxes interfere in determining
the near-real time anthropogenic CO 2 emission [5, 20]. Recently, Le Quéré et al.
[12] have proposed an alternative approach for monitoring country-level CO 2 nearreal time CO 2 emission. They devise a confinement index to monitor the extent of
different policies in the CO 2 emission. They divided into four level of confinement as
described in the following paragraph. They monitored the changes in CO 2 emission
with respect to the changes in anthropogenic activities.
(a) Level 0: It’s defined by no restriction of activities.
(b) Level 1: In this level policies are made for groups or individuals nucleates first
outbreaks.
(c) Level 2: In this level restrictions are imposed to a city or a region.
(d) Level 3: This highest possible confinement level. Here all the activities are
restricted except the essential service. It imposes complete lockdown to a
country.
8.4 Changes in Activities During COVID-19
COVID-19 related pandemic and related lockdown create a serious financial crisis
throughout the globe. However, this lockdown situation opens a new window for
reviving of our environment [15]. This pandemic showed that even a small change
in few anthropogenic activities could improve the environmental condition. In their
recent report, Le Quéré et al. [12] showed that changes in activities could actually have
a major effect on the anthropogenic CO 2 emission. Their study indicated that sector
199
and state to state level as some countries are using less fossil fuel and some are
using higher for power generation. Thus, country specific sector wise date would be
different than the global level of sector wise CO 2 emission. For example, in China
around 22.2% of industrial CO 2 emission is accounted for cement producing industry
[13].
8.3 Monitoring of CO 2 Emission
Real time monitoring of CO 2 emission is very much critical to understand the climate
change due to greenhouse gasses. However, despite it is critically important, systems
are not sufficient for monitoring real time CO 2 emission [12]. Currently, CO 2 emission data released either early or monthly and most often after the end of the calendar
year. Regardless of this, some representative near-real time date at monthly interval.
Some countries use the data of fossil fuel use at the monthly level for monitoring
CO 2 emission that is usually released by monthly interval later [1, 6]. Although, nearreal time observation of atmospheric CO 2 is monitored, large variability in carbon
cycle and meteorology could mask the anthropogenic variability in short period [2,
19]. Satellite measurement of real-time CO 2 emission also could be done. However,
large uncertainties and variability in natural CO 2 fluxes interfere in determining
the near-real time anthropogenic CO 2 emission [5, 20]. Recently, Le Quéré et al.
[12] have proposed an alternative approach for monitoring country-level CO 2 nearreal time CO 2 emission. They devise a confinement index to monitor the extent of
different policies in the CO 2 emission. They divided into four level of confinement as
described in the following paragraph. They monitored the changes in CO 2 emission
with respect to the changes in anthropogenic activities.
(a) Level 0: It’s defined by no restriction of activities.
(b) Level 1: In this level policies are made for groups or individuals nucleates first
outbreaks.
(c) Level 2: In this level restrictions are imposed to a city or a region.
(d) Level 3: This highest possible confinement level. Here all the activities are
restricted except the essential service. It imposes complete lockdown to a
country.
8.4 Changes in Activities During COVID-19
COVID-19 related pandemic and related lockdown create a serious financial crisis
throughout the globe. However, this lockdown situation opens a new window for
reviving of our environment [15]. This pandemic showed that even a small change
in few anthropogenic activities could improve the environmental condition. In their
recent report, Le Quéré et al. [12] showed that changes in activities could actually have
a major effect on the anthropogenic CO 2 emission. Their study indicated that sector