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S. Roy and A. Chatterjee
Fig. 5.13 Loss function curve of LSTM architecture
network to handle sequence data and implement sequence modeling. RNNs had
achieved great success in sequence labeling and prediction of time series data.
LSTM is the modified version of RNN which is basically done to overcome the
drawbacks of the recurrent network. It has some special blocks known as memory
block in the hidden layer which are having a good self-connection network which
stores the information of the temporary state and the flow is operated by the input
(save vector) and output gates (focus vector). There are mainly three gates input gate,
output gate and forget gate.
The equation cell state is:
p t = f t p t−1 + i t p
t
Remember vectors are the forget cells. If the output of this gate is 1 then the
information is preserved else deleted. In this way it works.
LSTM is widely for predication of Univariate as well as multivariate time series
models. In our paper, the observation of AQI over time period of two years from
June 2018 to June 2020 is considered and it is modeled (Figs. 5.13 and 5.14).
Here, we used the different optimiser and tested loss which is illustrated in Table
5.6.
5.9 Effect of COVID-19 on Air Pollution
COVID-19 is creating a pandemic situation throughout the world breaking the
different pillars like the economy of a country. The epidemic broke at a rapid pace
creating an exponential growth. It is taking away the jobs and as a result unemployability rate is increasing creating a dangerous economic crisis. It causes fibrosis of
S. Roy and A. Chatterjee
Fig. 5.13 Loss function curve of LSTM architecture
network to handle sequence data and implement sequence modeling. RNNs had
achieved great success in sequence labeling and prediction of time series data.
LSTM is the modified version of RNN which is basically done to overcome the
drawbacks of the recurrent network. It has some special blocks known as memory
block in the hidden layer which are having a good self-connection network which
stores the information of the temporary state and the flow is operated by the input
(save vector) and output gates (focus vector). There are mainly three gates input gate,
output gate and forget gate.
The equation cell state is:
p t = f t p t−1 + i t p
t
Remember vectors are the forget cells. If the output of this gate is 1 then the
information is preserved else deleted. In this way it works.
LSTM is widely for predication of Univariate as well as multivariate time series
models. In our paper, the observation of AQI over time period of two years from
June 2018 to June 2020 is considered and it is modeled (Figs. 5.13 and 5.14).
Here, we used the different optimiser and tested loss which is illustrated in Table
5.6.
5.9 Effect of COVID-19 on Air Pollution
COVID-19 is creating a pandemic situation throughout the world breaking the
different pillars like the economy of a country. The epidemic broke at a rapid pace
creating an exponential growth. It is taking away the jobs and as a result unemployability rate is increasing creating a dangerous economic crisis. It causes fibrosis of