4
M. Fatewar and Vaishali
data sets do not allow for spatial analysis at a scale smaller than district due to the
non-availability of data at the city level. Therefore, the districts having smart cities
are identified and their data is compared with the remaining districts of the respective
state of India. The spatial and non-spatial issues are identified based on the analysis.
Finally, the digital model is proposed along with the recommendations to overcome
the identified issues with the help of latest digital technology.
1.3 COVID-19: A Pandemic
The first case of an outbreak of mysterious pneumonia was reported in November
2019 at Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, Wuhan, Hubei, China. The symptoms
associated with the mysterious pneumonia were fever, fatigue, dry cough, and occasional gastrointestinal. Later, the pathogen of the outbreak was identified as a novel
beta-coronavirus and named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As per the official data, the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV had been reported in China in the
first week of December 2019. The local health authority of the city had announced
the epidemiologic alert in the area on 31 December 2019. Thus, the market area
was shut down as a precautionary measure to control the spread of nCoV-19 on 1
January 2020. Outside China, the first case was reported in Thailand on 13 January
2020. After that, the 2019-nCoV was started spreading across the world in the few
weeks of January 2020. Ultimately, WHO had declared the outbreak constitutes a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020.
The nCoV-19 outbreak expanded to at least 25 countries till 6 February 2020. WHO
had given the name to the disease as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) on 11
February 2020. The virus, which causes the COVID-19, was named as Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee
on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on the same date, i.e. 11 February 2020 [37, 39,
40]. Finally, WHO had declared the disease as a ‘Pandemic’ due to increase in the
number of COVID-19 confirmed cases all across the globe (in 114 countries) on 11
March 2020 [38] (Fig. 1.1).
1.3.1 Current Scenario in the World
The COVID-19 outbreak has made it clear, that today’s urban settlements are not
well prepared to combat an epidemic and pandemic. The urban settlements have
now become either the originator of infectious diseases or propagate it exponentially
because of the high population density and urbanisation rate, e.g. the COVID-19
pandemic emerged in Wuhan city of China [17]. Later, the virus spread through
different modes of transport based on the travelling behaviour of an individual at
both international and domestic level through airways and domestic public transport, respectively [19]. Economic development has always given more importance
M. Fatewar and Vaishali
data sets do not allow for spatial analysis at a scale smaller than district due to the
non-availability of data at the city level. Therefore, the districts having smart cities
are identified and their data is compared with the remaining districts of the respective
state of India. The spatial and non-spatial issues are identified based on the analysis.
Finally, the digital model is proposed along with the recommendations to overcome
the identified issues with the help of latest digital technology.
1.3 COVID-19: A Pandemic
The first case of an outbreak of mysterious pneumonia was reported in November
2019 at Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, Wuhan, Hubei, China. The symptoms
associated with the mysterious pneumonia were fever, fatigue, dry cough, and occasional gastrointestinal. Later, the pathogen of the outbreak was identified as a novel
beta-coronavirus and named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As per the official data, the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV had been reported in China in the
first week of December 2019. The local health authority of the city had announced
the epidemiologic alert in the area on 31 December 2019. Thus, the market area
was shut down as a precautionary measure to control the spread of nCoV-19 on 1
January 2020. Outside China, the first case was reported in Thailand on 13 January
2020. After that, the 2019-nCoV was started spreading across the world in the few
weeks of January 2020. Ultimately, WHO had declared the outbreak constitutes a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020.
The nCoV-19 outbreak expanded to at least 25 countries till 6 February 2020. WHO
had given the name to the disease as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) on 11
February 2020. The virus, which causes the COVID-19, was named as Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee
on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on the same date, i.e. 11 February 2020 [37, 39,
40]. Finally, WHO had declared the disease as a ‘Pandemic’ due to increase in the
number of COVID-19 confirmed cases all across the globe (in 114 countries) on 11
March 2020 [38] (Fig. 1.1).
1.3.1 Current Scenario in the World
The COVID-19 outbreak has made it clear, that today’s urban settlements are not
well prepared to combat an epidemic and pandemic. The urban settlements have
now become either the originator of infectious diseases or propagate it exponentially
because of the high population density and urbanisation rate, e.g. the COVID-19
pandemic emerged in Wuhan city of China [17]. Later, the virus spread through
different modes of transport based on the travelling behaviour of an individual at
both international and domestic level through airways and domestic public transport, respectively [19]. Economic development has always given more importance