Contents
1 Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Why the Need for a New Methodology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Methodology, Model and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 Basic Concepts of ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3.1 Four Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3.2 ERA Acute Uses Continuous Risk Functions . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3.3 Two Main Steps—Three Levels of Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3.4 Introducing the Resource Damage Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.4 Inputs Needed for ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4.1 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4.2 Valued Ecosystem Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.4.3 Model Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 From Spill Scenario to Case and from Damage to Risk . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 What Can ERA Acute Results Be Used for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Model Sensitivity and Uncertainty Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References—Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute . . . . . 21
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 ERA Acute Usage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Environmental Risk Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Damage and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Risk Mitigation and Net Environmental Benefit Assessments . . . . 29
References—ERM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 An ERA Acute Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 Setting up the Case and Input to Exposure Calculations . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Impact and Restoration Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
xi
1 Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Why the Need for a New Methodology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Methodology, Model and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 Basic Concepts of ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3.1 Four Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.3.2 ERA Acute Uses Continuous Risk Functions . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3.3 Two Main Steps—Three Levels of Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3.4 Introducing the Resource Damage Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.4 Inputs Needed for ERA Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4.1 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4.2 Valued Ecosystem Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.4.3 Model Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 From Spill Scenario to Case and from Damage to Risk . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 What Can ERA Acute Results Be Used for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Model Sensitivity and Uncertainty Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References—Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute . . . . . 21
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 ERA Acute Usage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Environmental Risk Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Damage and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Risk Mitigation and Net Environmental Benefit Assessments . . . . 29
References—ERM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 An ERA Acute Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 Setting up the Case and Input to Exposure Calculations . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Impact and Restoration Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
xi