218
various points. It had been identified as a habitat for 25 species of fish (Kenyir Lake
2009), which made it a popular angling destination. The lake also offered fascinating views of surrounding waterfalls, limestone caves and lush tropical forests that
host more than 8000 species of flowers, 2500 species of plants and trees, and 300
species of fungi. Furthermore, 800 species of butterflies, 370 species of orchids,
1000 species of birds and 200 species of animals had been observed in the area
(Yusof et al. 2011).
Data Collection
The potential indicators were based on data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and surveys at Tasik Kenyir. The questionnaires were distributed among the
local residents of Tasik Kenyir. They comprise questions on demographic characteristics (composition, age, education and migration). Respondents were also asked
about their livelihood status and subjective evaluation towards environmental
aspects in Tasik Kenyir according to the sustainable livelihood framework by the
International Development Department (1999). Data on the water quality and air
pollution in the lake were gathered from federal agencies like the Environment
Department, Orang Asli Development Department (JAKOA) and Wildlife and
National Parks Department (DNWP), besides state agencies like the Terengganu
Economic Planning Unit (UPEN) and Terengganu Tengah Development Board
(KETENGAH).
Index Calculation
In this study, the index calculation involved some choices during data processing.
This study chose the standard method [0, 1] using the minimum and maximum
values for each objective indicator. Using the values from 0 to 1 was simple and
more understandable. All indicators chosen were given a positive or negative sign to
show the impact they had on achieving a sustainable ecological outcome. A higher
positive indicator refers to better sustainability. The standard formula is stated
in Eq. 1:
Index
X
X
X
X
i
i
i
min
max
min
1
1
1
(1)
The X indicate the relative value of indicator where min of X is the lowest value
of indicator X at i time and max X are the highest value of X indicator of i time. The
highest value and lowest value of each indicator achieved in the study areas were
chosen as the maximum and minimum value in the standardisation process. The
value of indices fell within 0 to 1, where a value closer to 1 denoted better sustainable development and closer to 0 denoted the opposite.
M. N. A. Rahman et al.
various points. It had been identified as a habitat for 25 species of fish (Kenyir Lake
2009), which made it a popular angling destination. The lake also offered fascinating views of surrounding waterfalls, limestone caves and lush tropical forests that
host more than 8000 species of flowers, 2500 species of plants and trees, and 300
species of fungi. Furthermore, 800 species of butterflies, 370 species of orchids,
1000 species of birds and 200 species of animals had been observed in the area
(Yusof et al. 2011).
Data Collection
The potential indicators were based on data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and surveys at Tasik Kenyir. The questionnaires were distributed among the
local residents of Tasik Kenyir. They comprise questions on demographic characteristics (composition, age, education and migration). Respondents were also asked
about their livelihood status and subjective evaluation towards environmental
aspects in Tasik Kenyir according to the sustainable livelihood framework by the
International Development Department (1999). Data on the water quality and air
pollution in the lake were gathered from federal agencies like the Environment
Department, Orang Asli Development Department (JAKOA) and Wildlife and
National Parks Department (DNWP), besides state agencies like the Terengganu
Economic Planning Unit (UPEN) and Terengganu Tengah Development Board
(KETENGAH).
Index Calculation
In this study, the index calculation involved some choices during data processing.
This study chose the standard method [0, 1] using the minimum and maximum
values for each objective indicator. Using the values from 0 to 1 was simple and
more understandable. All indicators chosen were given a positive or negative sign to
show the impact they had on achieving a sustainable ecological outcome. A higher
positive indicator refers to better sustainability. The standard formula is stated
in Eq. 1:
Index
X
X
X
X
i
i
i
min
max
min
1
1
1
(1)
The X indicate the relative value of indicator where min of X is the lowest value
of indicator X at i time and max X are the highest value of X indicator of i time. The
highest value and lowest value of each indicator achieved in the study areas were
chosen as the maximum and minimum value in the standardisation process. The
value of indices fell within 0 to 1, where a value closer to 1 denoted better sustainable development and closer to 0 denoted the opposite.
M. N. A. Rahman et al.