82
derived from Lf have been reported to affect the production of cytokines which are
associated with the immune and inflammatory functions of the body (Moller
et al. 2008).
Hypertensive subjects showed lowering in BP after consuming the fermented
milk containing the BAPs. Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk contains the
BAP, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro. These peptides showed lowering in blood pressure of SHR. Two additional peptides Tyr-Pro and Lys-Val-Leu- Pro-Val-Pro-Gln
were also isolated from fermented milk. These two peptides depicted ACE inhibitory activity in SHR (Jäkälä and Vapaatalo 2010).
Whey fraction of the milk is also enriched with BAPs. In one investigation, whey
proteins concentrate was hydrolyzed with trypsin and the obtained peptides were
separated by means of ultra and nanofiltration membranes. β-lactoglobulin peptides
were obtained in very large amount from the concentrate as it was explicitly cleaved
(Arrutia et al. 2016b). Antihypertensive peptides have also been isolated from the
whey portion of milk protein. Whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin produce two tetrapeptides (by enzymatic proteolysis) α-lactorphin (Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe)
and β-lactorphin (Tyr-Leu-Leu-Phe) respectively. These peptides have shown BP
reduction in SHR (Sipola et al. 2002).
Different BAPs have been isolated from the milk of cow. Cow milk proteins
exhibit wide ranging biological properties such as anti-carcinogenic, opioid,
mineral- binding, immunomodulatory, ACE inhibitory, cytotoxicity, anti-thrombotic
and antibacterial activities. The natural properties of BAP vary depending upon the
source of milk proteins from which they are isolated. Different BAPs have been
isolated and characterized from milk protein hydrolysates of mare, buffalo, sheep,
camel, goat and yak milk has been reported (El-Salam and El-Shibiny 2013).
In a research made by Boutrou et al., 69 different BAPs were released from
casein milk protein. Significant interest was shown to β-casomorphins and
caseinomacro- peptide derived peptides. These BAPs were categorized as opioid,
ACE inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides (Boutrou et al. 2015).
The milk of donkey is a very useful product for the food industry, owing to its
nutraceutical, nutritional, and functional properties. Endogenous peptides isolated
from donkey milk have been studied for their ACE inhibitory and antioxidant potentials. In a study, two novel endogenous antioxidant peptides, namely GQGAKDMWR
and EWFTFLKEAGQGAKDMWR were isolated from donkey milk. In the same
study two other peptides with sequences REWFTFLK and MPFLKSPIVPF having
ACE inhibitory actions, were also identified (Chiozzi et al. 2016).
5.2.3 Bioactive Peptides from Collagen Sources
Connective tissue converts the force of contraction into movement, by joining the
muscles to the bones. The connective tissues joining bones and muscles are known
as tendons. Fibrillar collagen is the major component of tendons. There are several
K. Mustafa et al.
derived from Lf have been reported to affect the production of cytokines which are
associated with the immune and inflammatory functions of the body (Moller
et al. 2008).
Hypertensive subjects showed lowering in BP after consuming the fermented
milk containing the BAPs. Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk contains the
BAP, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro. These peptides showed lowering in blood pressure of SHR. Two additional peptides Tyr-Pro and Lys-Val-Leu- Pro-Val-Pro-Gln
were also isolated from fermented milk. These two peptides depicted ACE inhibitory activity in SHR (Jäkälä and Vapaatalo 2010).
Whey fraction of the milk is also enriched with BAPs. In one investigation, whey
proteins concentrate was hydrolyzed with trypsin and the obtained peptides were
separated by means of ultra and nanofiltration membranes. β-lactoglobulin peptides
were obtained in very large amount from the concentrate as it was explicitly cleaved
(Arrutia et al. 2016b). Antihypertensive peptides have also been isolated from the
whey portion of milk protein. Whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin produce two tetrapeptides (by enzymatic proteolysis) α-lactorphin (Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe)
and β-lactorphin (Tyr-Leu-Leu-Phe) respectively. These peptides have shown BP
reduction in SHR (Sipola et al. 2002).
Different BAPs have been isolated from the milk of cow. Cow milk proteins
exhibit wide ranging biological properties such as anti-carcinogenic, opioid,
mineral- binding, immunomodulatory, ACE inhibitory, cytotoxicity, anti-thrombotic
and antibacterial activities. The natural properties of BAP vary depending upon the
source of milk proteins from which they are isolated. Different BAPs have been
isolated and characterized from milk protein hydrolysates of mare, buffalo, sheep,
camel, goat and yak milk has been reported (El-Salam and El-Shibiny 2013).
In a research made by Boutrou et al., 69 different BAPs were released from
casein milk protein. Significant interest was shown to β-casomorphins and
caseinomacro- peptide derived peptides. These BAPs were categorized as opioid,
ACE inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides (Boutrou et al. 2015).
The milk of donkey is a very useful product for the food industry, owing to its
nutraceutical, nutritional, and functional properties. Endogenous peptides isolated
from donkey milk have been studied for their ACE inhibitory and antioxidant potentials. In a study, two novel endogenous antioxidant peptides, namely GQGAKDMWR
and EWFTFLKEAGQGAKDMWR were isolated from donkey milk. In the same
study two other peptides with sequences REWFTFLK and MPFLKSPIVPF having
ACE inhibitory actions, were also identified (Chiozzi et al. 2016).
5.2.3 Bioactive Peptides from Collagen Sources
Connective tissue converts the force of contraction into movement, by joining the
muscles to the bones. The connective tissues joining bones and muscles are known
as tendons. Fibrillar collagen is the major component of tendons. There are several
K. Mustafa et al.