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of human differences and development of specific treatment for specific individual
termed as personalized medicine. The idea behind personalised medicine is that
some medicines may cause allergic reactions to some individuals while being beneficial to others. The Pharmacogenetic approach focuses on patient genes and the
different drug responses they are capable of evoking. The purpose of personalized
medicine is to detect and manage diseases via conventional medicine based on
mechanism of action to solve a clinical problem in complex diseases like cardiovascular disorder and cancer by considering both genetic makeup of individual patient
and environmental factors.
System biology helps in mechanism based disease development, preventive
medicine and treatment monitoring. It’s also useful in the detection of changes in
molecular profile at early stages of disease development.
26.4.5 Role of Biotechnology in Animal Sciences
Animal biotechnology deals with genetically engineering animals through the
application of molecular biology techniques, which ultimately prove helpful for
pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial improvement. It is also used to synthesize a number of proteins that are beneficial for improvement of growth and treatment of animals as well as humans. Biotechnology offers an opportunity to
genetically engineer poultry, goat, and other livestock animals for the production of
pharmaceutical products and as model organisms for the study and treatment of
human diseases. For example, cataract surgery, dialysis technique, polio vaccine
etc.; were first performed on animals for experimental purposes. Nowadays, scientists are interested in the use of farm animals as a source of organ transplantation
for treatment of organ failure. Mouse are used for experimental purposes due to
small size, short generation time and its genetic studies make it model animal for
research.
Animal scientists focus on application of recent techniques for gene transfer in
animals that are not interbreeding normally for assistance in reproduction. Such
technique is known as cloning. Cloned animals can be used for research purposes.
They are also helpful for understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms as well
as helpful in the treatment of diseases. Transgenic animals are produced by inserting desired gene of interest in them. Gene of interest injected in cell is done using
different techniques like retroviruses-mediated, pronuclear micro-propagation;
sperm mediated transfer and embryonic stem cell methods. In Canada, scientists
developed Enviro-pig by using techniques of genetic engineering that produce phytase enzyme in its saliva that is more environmental friendly due to reduced levels
of phosphorous released in urine and faeces than natural pigs. Phytase break phosphate in pig food and reduce amount of phosphorus up to 30% (Streiffer and
Rubel 2007).
M. Akram et al.
of human differences and development of specific treatment for specific individual
termed as personalized medicine. The idea behind personalised medicine is that
some medicines may cause allergic reactions to some individuals while being beneficial to others. The Pharmacogenetic approach focuses on patient genes and the
different drug responses they are capable of evoking. The purpose of personalized
medicine is to detect and manage diseases via conventional medicine based on
mechanism of action to solve a clinical problem in complex diseases like cardiovascular disorder and cancer by considering both genetic makeup of individual patient
and environmental factors.
System biology helps in mechanism based disease development, preventive
medicine and treatment monitoring. It’s also useful in the detection of changes in
molecular profile at early stages of disease development.
26.4.5 Role of Biotechnology in Animal Sciences
Animal biotechnology deals with genetically engineering animals through the
application of molecular biology techniques, which ultimately prove helpful for
pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial improvement. It is also used to synthesize a number of proteins that are beneficial for improvement of growth and treatment of animals as well as humans. Biotechnology offers an opportunity to
genetically engineer poultry, goat, and other livestock animals for the production of
pharmaceutical products and as model organisms for the study and treatment of
human diseases. For example, cataract surgery, dialysis technique, polio vaccine
etc.; were first performed on animals for experimental purposes. Nowadays, scientists are interested in the use of farm animals as a source of organ transplantation
for treatment of organ failure. Mouse are used for experimental purposes due to
small size, short generation time and its genetic studies make it model animal for
research.
Animal scientists focus on application of recent techniques for gene transfer in
animals that are not interbreeding normally for assistance in reproduction. Such
technique is known as cloning. Cloned animals can be used for research purposes.
They are also helpful for understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms as well
as helpful in the treatment of diseases. Transgenic animals are produced by inserting desired gene of interest in them. Gene of interest injected in cell is done using
different techniques like retroviruses-mediated, pronuclear micro-propagation;
sperm mediated transfer and embryonic stem cell methods. In Canada, scientists
developed Enviro-pig by using techniques of genetic engineering that produce phytase enzyme in its saliva that is more environmental friendly due to reduced levels
of phosphorous released in urine and faeces than natural pigs. Phytase break phosphate in pig food and reduce amount of phosphorus up to 30% (Streiffer and
Rubel 2007).
M. Akram et al.