601
host cell is E. coli. The host cells have to be particularly equipped to obtain the
unfamiliar DNA. Selectable markers are capable of color change, antibiotic resistance or any other characteristic, which can differentiate transformed hosts from
untransformed hosts. Dissimilar vectors contain dissimilar properties to make them
appropriate to special applications. The properties comprise regular cloning sites,
mass, and elevated duplicate figure (Ando et al. 1999).
For transfer of a gene of interest, plasmids are usually used as the vector and their
isolation methods differ according to the host organism. Based on gene phenotypic
effect and their location in chromosome, genes are further divided into subgroups
like simple, complex, operons, regulons gene and multiple regulons (Humayun
et al. 2017). Gene of interest obtained by using altered restriction enzymes produce
blunt end which can be attached with vector without the addition of homo-polymer
tail but the blunt end does not permit cloned fragment recovery after propagation.
The DNA restriction site linkers without cohesive ends (cDNA, Synthetic DNA,
sheared DNA) are also available commercially (Qin et al. 2017). Sometimes more
than one plasmid is injected into an individual cell for the indirect hidden plasmid
selection (Khurana et al. 2017). In non-bacterial transformation, a bacterium such
as E. coli is not used. In microinjection, the DNA is injected directly into the nucleus
of the cell being transformed (Lotti et al. 2017).
26.4.1 Agriculture
The development of genetically modified (GM) foods, pesticides, fungicides, biotic
and abiotic resistant crops, and fruits for the enhancement of quality food production to meet the demand of a rapidly increasing population, can be done using artificial conditions (Christou and Twyman 2004; Kelemu et al. 2003). Golden rice
which is an enriched source of vitamin A, the production of medically important
agricultural products like human growth hormone production and edible vaccines
are also examples of GM crops (Dunwell 2002; Lemaux 2008; Raskin et al. 2002).
Gene recombination is as important as a mutation in the production of genetic variation in higher plants. The recombination of genetic variability is largely determined
by the breeding system (Lande 1980; Wiens 1984). A whole series of mechanisms
promoting cross-fertilization and genetic systems for self-incompatibility have
evolved which have been derived from flexible cross-fertilized systems (Barrett
2002). It, therefore, becomes necessary for a taxonomist to have full knowledge of
the breeding behavior of the population (Daniell et al. 2015). Tissue (cell suspension) culture technique and micro-propagation technique are also used to obtain
desired secondary metabolites in the plant (Wilson et al. 1971). High quality crops
are produced by cross-fertilization of different varieties, inserting a new gene from
other suitable varieties or from a wild relative (Gilbert and Tekauz 2000). In developing countries, genetically modified crops produced are mainly cotton and rice.
Such advancement in plant genetic recombination led to a revolution in agriculture
in 1970s in Pakistan (Ashraf 2010; Stone and Glover 2017). Biotechnologists are
26 Genetic Engineering of Novel Products of Health Significance: Recombinant DNA…
host cell is E. coli. The host cells have to be particularly equipped to obtain the
unfamiliar DNA. Selectable markers are capable of color change, antibiotic resistance or any other characteristic, which can differentiate transformed hosts from
untransformed hosts. Dissimilar vectors contain dissimilar properties to make them
appropriate to special applications. The properties comprise regular cloning sites,
mass, and elevated duplicate figure (Ando et al. 1999).
For transfer of a gene of interest, plasmids are usually used as the vector and their
isolation methods differ according to the host organism. Based on gene phenotypic
effect and their location in chromosome, genes are further divided into subgroups
like simple, complex, operons, regulons gene and multiple regulons (Humayun
et al. 2017). Gene of interest obtained by using altered restriction enzymes produce
blunt end which can be attached with vector without the addition of homo-polymer
tail but the blunt end does not permit cloned fragment recovery after propagation.
The DNA restriction site linkers without cohesive ends (cDNA, Synthetic DNA,
sheared DNA) are also available commercially (Qin et al. 2017). Sometimes more
than one plasmid is injected into an individual cell for the indirect hidden plasmid
selection (Khurana et al. 2017). In non-bacterial transformation, a bacterium such
as E. coli is not used. In microinjection, the DNA is injected directly into the nucleus
of the cell being transformed (Lotti et al. 2017).
26.4.1 Agriculture
The development of genetically modified (GM) foods, pesticides, fungicides, biotic
and abiotic resistant crops, and fruits for the enhancement of quality food production to meet the demand of a rapidly increasing population, can be done using artificial conditions (Christou and Twyman 2004; Kelemu et al. 2003). Golden rice
which is an enriched source of vitamin A, the production of medically important
agricultural products like human growth hormone production and edible vaccines
are also examples of GM crops (Dunwell 2002; Lemaux 2008; Raskin et al. 2002).
Gene recombination is as important as a mutation in the production of genetic variation in higher plants. The recombination of genetic variability is largely determined
by the breeding system (Lande 1980; Wiens 1984). A whole series of mechanisms
promoting cross-fertilization and genetic systems for self-incompatibility have
evolved which have been derived from flexible cross-fertilized systems (Barrett
2002). It, therefore, becomes necessary for a taxonomist to have full knowledge of
the breeding behavior of the population (Daniell et al. 2015). Tissue (cell suspension) culture technique and micro-propagation technique are also used to obtain
desired secondary metabolites in the plant (Wilson et al. 1971). High quality crops
are produced by cross-fertilization of different varieties, inserting a new gene from
other suitable varieties or from a wild relative (Gilbert and Tekauz 2000). In developing countries, genetically modified crops produced are mainly cotton and rice.
Such advancement in plant genetic recombination led to a revolution in agriculture
in 1970s in Pakistan (Ashraf 2010; Stone and Glover 2017). Biotechnologists are
26 Genetic Engineering of Novel Products of Health Significance: Recombinant DNA…