519
23.5.2.3 Folate and Other B Vitamins
The concentration of water-soluble vitamin including vitamin B in breast milk
strongly related to the mother’s dietary intake of these vitamin. For this reason it is
important to ensure that adequate amounts of vitamins B are provided by complementary foods in populations where there is a high risk of maternal depletion. They
can be divided into two groups. Group I Vitamins B include thiamin, riboflavin,
niacin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. In this
group low intake of mother or store results in lower concentrations in human milk
and adversely affect the infant status and development. Group II include only folate
in which maternal supplement has relatively little effect on the concentration in
human milk. The child is relatively well protected from maternal deficiency
(Allen 2003).
Thiamin deficiency causes infantile beriberi which is characterized by peripheral
neuropathy, encephalopathy and cardiac failure. Low thiamine level in human milk
could be improved by maternal supplementation. The main source thiamine is grain
products but most of thiamin lost during the production of polished rice and white
flour. In industrialized countries fortified cereal products are the main source of
thiamine.
The B-complex vitamins are usually added directly to flour as single nutrients or
as a premix or diluted with a small amount of flour at the mill before being added to
the bulk. Riboflavin has a strong yellow colour and slightly bitter taste, however, the
amount used for fortification the effect to white flour any colour or taste problems
are likely to be minimal. The Coated forms of the water-soluble vitamins, such as
thiamine and vitamin B6, are also available (Allen 2003).
In general according to USA Infant Formula Act (IFA) the adequate intakes (AIs)
for infants, vitamins (A, C, D, K, and thiamine), mineral (calcium and iron) and
choline are among many nutrient determined to be important to infant development
which should be included in infant formula (Khan et al. n.d.).
23.5.3 Probiotics
Probiotics is a new word meaning “for life” and used to name the beneficial microorganism to human and animal when administered in sufficient quantity. These
microorganisms maintain health by balancing disease-causing bacteria and contributing to normal flora. It consists mostly the strains of the genera of Lactobacillus
and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics can be found in diary and nondairy product which
usually consumed after the antibiotic therapy to replace the microbial flora destroyed
by antibiotics.
Probiotics have several uses in maintaining health. Probiotics such as
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium suggested to alleviate lactose intolerance, prevention and cure of viral, bacterial, antibiotic or radiotherapy induced diarrheas.
Several randomized trials showed that probiotics significantly reduced the develop23 Medical Foods and Infant Formulas
23.5.2.3 Folate and Other B Vitamins
The concentration of water-soluble vitamin including vitamin B in breast milk
strongly related to the mother’s dietary intake of these vitamin. For this reason it is
important to ensure that adequate amounts of vitamins B are provided by complementary foods in populations where there is a high risk of maternal depletion. They
can be divided into two groups. Group I Vitamins B include thiamin, riboflavin,
niacin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. In this
group low intake of mother or store results in lower concentrations in human milk
and adversely affect the infant status and development. Group II include only folate
in which maternal supplement has relatively little effect on the concentration in
human milk. The child is relatively well protected from maternal deficiency
(Allen 2003).
Thiamin deficiency causes infantile beriberi which is characterized by peripheral
neuropathy, encephalopathy and cardiac failure. Low thiamine level in human milk
could be improved by maternal supplementation. The main source thiamine is grain
products but most of thiamin lost during the production of polished rice and white
flour. In industrialized countries fortified cereal products are the main source of
thiamine.
The B-complex vitamins are usually added directly to flour as single nutrients or
as a premix or diluted with a small amount of flour at the mill before being added to
the bulk. Riboflavin has a strong yellow colour and slightly bitter taste, however, the
amount used for fortification the effect to white flour any colour or taste problems
are likely to be minimal. The Coated forms of the water-soluble vitamins, such as
thiamine and vitamin B6, are also available (Allen 2003).
In general according to USA Infant Formula Act (IFA) the adequate intakes (AIs)
for infants, vitamins (A, C, D, K, and thiamine), mineral (calcium and iron) and
choline are among many nutrient determined to be important to infant development
which should be included in infant formula (Khan et al. n.d.).
23.5.3 Probiotics
Probiotics is a new word meaning “for life” and used to name the beneficial microorganism to human and animal when administered in sufficient quantity. These
microorganisms maintain health by balancing disease-causing bacteria and contributing to normal flora. It consists mostly the strains of the genera of Lactobacillus
and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics can be found in diary and nondairy product which
usually consumed after the antibiotic therapy to replace the microbial flora destroyed
by antibiotics.
Probiotics have several uses in maintaining health. Probiotics such as
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium suggested to alleviate lactose intolerance, prevention and cure of viral, bacterial, antibiotic or radiotherapy induced diarrheas.
Several randomized trials showed that probiotics significantly reduced the develop23 Medical Foods and Infant Formulas