517
intake for infants aged 7–12 months is 525 mg/day and for infants aged 12–23 months
decreases to 350 mg/day (Abrams and Atkinson 2003).
Infants who receive human milk without additional calcium sources cannot readily meet the required level. Rickets occurs in these infants in the 2nd years of life,
especially when inadequate vitamin D status would lead to impaired calcium
absorption below critical levels. Many children who are likely have low milk calcium intakes need supplemental calcium from solid foods. It is recommended that
fortified food to provide 100–200 mg/day of calcium. This could provide 100 mg of
calcium per 30-g serving of complementary food. This amount is safe, would effectively help prevent calcium deficiency conditions and could be readily incorporated
into the products (Allen et al. 2006).
Bioavailable forms of calcium for the fortification of infant formulas and complementary foods include the carbonate, the chloride, the citrate and the citrate
malate, the gluconate, the glycerophosphate, the lactate, the mono-, di- and tribasic
phosphates, the orthophosphate, the hydroxide and the oxide. The absorption of
calcium added is similar with the naturally available in foods which ranges from
10% to 30%. High levels of calcium inhibit the absorption of iron which can be
reduced by addition of ascorbic acid (Allen et al. 2006).
23.5.1.3 Magnesium
Magnesium is one the abundant cation and is essential for life. Magnesium deficiency may cause unexpected death in the smallest and youngest members of each
species. It may be due to congenital, as in premature infants, infants of magnesiumdeficient mothers and infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Human milk provides 20–30 mg/day of magnesium and the solid food provides approximately
55 mg/day and magnesium intake during 7–12 months of age is approximately
75 mg/day. As the recommendation of the Food and Nutrition the RDA of magnesium was 80 mg/day.
Magnesium does not limited in most of the diet but provision of calcium supplementation of foods without magnesium is highly controversial. A ratio of 4:1 or
lower of calcium to magnesium has been supported. Therefore, the addition of
40–60 mg/day of magnesium to a supplement is very unlikely to cause side effect
on infant (Abrams and Atkinson 2003).
23.5.2 Vitamins
23.5.2.1 Vitamin D
Over 85% percent children living in America and Europe in seventeenth century had
rickets. Until early nineteenth century physician had been used cold liver oil to treat
this condition. Huldschinsky showed that exposure to ultraviolet radiation could
23 Medical Foods and Infant Formulas
intake for infants aged 7–12 months is 525 mg/day and for infants aged 12–23 months
decreases to 350 mg/day (Abrams and Atkinson 2003).
Infants who receive human milk without additional calcium sources cannot readily meet the required level. Rickets occurs in these infants in the 2nd years of life,
especially when inadequate vitamin D status would lead to impaired calcium
absorption below critical levels. Many children who are likely have low milk calcium intakes need supplemental calcium from solid foods. It is recommended that
fortified food to provide 100–200 mg/day of calcium. This could provide 100 mg of
calcium per 30-g serving of complementary food. This amount is safe, would effectively help prevent calcium deficiency conditions and could be readily incorporated
into the products (Allen et al. 2006).
Bioavailable forms of calcium for the fortification of infant formulas and complementary foods include the carbonate, the chloride, the citrate and the citrate
malate, the gluconate, the glycerophosphate, the lactate, the mono-, di- and tribasic
phosphates, the orthophosphate, the hydroxide and the oxide. The absorption of
calcium added is similar with the naturally available in foods which ranges from
10% to 30%. High levels of calcium inhibit the absorption of iron which can be
reduced by addition of ascorbic acid (Allen et al. 2006).
23.5.1.3 Magnesium
Magnesium is one the abundant cation and is essential for life. Magnesium deficiency may cause unexpected death in the smallest and youngest members of each
species. It may be due to congenital, as in premature infants, infants of magnesiumdeficient mothers and infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Human milk provides 20–30 mg/day of magnesium and the solid food provides approximately
55 mg/day and magnesium intake during 7–12 months of age is approximately
75 mg/day. As the recommendation of the Food and Nutrition the RDA of magnesium was 80 mg/day.
Magnesium does not limited in most of the diet but provision of calcium supplementation of foods without magnesium is highly controversial. A ratio of 4:1 or
lower of calcium to magnesium has been supported. Therefore, the addition of
40–60 mg/day of magnesium to a supplement is very unlikely to cause side effect
on infant (Abrams and Atkinson 2003).
23.5.2 Vitamins
23.5.2.1 Vitamin D
Over 85% percent children living in America and Europe in seventeenth century had
rickets. Until early nineteenth century physician had been used cold liver oil to treat
this condition. Huldschinsky showed that exposure to ultraviolet radiation could
23 Medical Foods and Infant Formulas