41
Table 4.1 Examples of bioactive carbohydrates from lower plants and potential health benefits
Bioactive
carbohydrate
Sources
Potential health benefits
Phlorotannins
Brown and red marine algae
Antioxidant, antiviral, antidiabetic,
anticancer and radioprotective activities.
Gupta and Abu-Ghannam (2011)
Alginates
Brown seaweeds e.g. Laminaria
and Ascophyllum species.
Wound healing, therapeutic agents,
protein delivery, and cell transplantation
Antibacterial, anti-tumor and prebiotics
activities.
Ueno and Oda (2014)
Fucoidan
Brown seaweeds e.g. Ecklonia
cava
Antitumour, antioxidant, anticoagulant,
antithrombotic, immunoregulatory,
antiviral and antiinflammatory effects
(Wang et al. 2019a, b)
Laminarin
Brown seaweeds (e.g. Laminaria
and Saccharina species)
Anti-inflammatory, antitumour,
anti-apoptotic, anticoagulant and
antioxidant activities (Kadam et al. 2015)
Carrageenans
Red seaweeds e.g. Porphyra
haitanensis
Antioxidant, anticoagulant (Pangestuti
and Kim 2014)
Ulvans
Green seaweeds (Ulva)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Zong
et al. 2012)
Sulfated rhamnan Green seaweed (Monostroma
Latissimum)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
Sulfated
arabinogalactans
Green seaweed (Codium)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Udani et al. 2009)
Sulfated
galacotans
Green seaweed (Caulerpa)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
Sulfated mannans Green seaweeds
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
β- Glucans
lichenan
Lichens, Cetraria islandica/
Umbilicaria proboscidea/
Thamnolia vermicularis var.
subuliformis/Peltigera canina
Immunomodulating Activity (Vester
Boler and Fahey 2011)
Schizophyllan
Fungi (Schizophyllum commune) Immunostimulatory (Wang et al. 2017)
Scleroglucan
Fungi (Athelia rolfsii)
Immunostimulatory (Synytsya and
Novák 2013)
Lentinan
Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)
Antitumor, immunomodulatory (Zhang
et al. 2011)
4 Bioactive Carbohydrates, Biological Activities, and Sources
Table 4.1 Examples of bioactive carbohydrates from lower plants and potential health benefits
Bioactive
carbohydrate
Sources
Potential health benefits
Phlorotannins
Brown and red marine algae
Antioxidant, antiviral, antidiabetic,
anticancer and radioprotective activities.
Gupta and Abu-Ghannam (2011)
Alginates
Brown seaweeds e.g. Laminaria
and Ascophyllum species.
Wound healing, therapeutic agents,
protein delivery, and cell transplantation
Antibacterial, anti-tumor and prebiotics
activities.
Ueno and Oda (2014)
Fucoidan
Brown seaweeds e.g. Ecklonia
cava
Antitumour, antioxidant, anticoagulant,
antithrombotic, immunoregulatory,
antiviral and antiinflammatory effects
(Wang et al. 2019a, b)
Laminarin
Brown seaweeds (e.g. Laminaria
and Saccharina species)
Anti-inflammatory, antitumour,
anti-apoptotic, anticoagulant and
antioxidant activities (Kadam et al. 2015)
Carrageenans
Red seaweeds e.g. Porphyra
haitanensis
Antioxidant, anticoagulant (Pangestuti
and Kim 2014)
Ulvans
Green seaweeds (Ulva)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Zong
et al. 2012)
Sulfated rhamnan Green seaweed (Monostroma
Latissimum)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
Sulfated
arabinogalactans
Green seaweed (Codium)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Udani et al. 2009)
Sulfated
galacotans
Green seaweed (Caulerpa)
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
Sulfated mannans Green seaweeds
Antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour,
immunomodulating activities (Raposo
et al. 2013; Shang et al. 2018)
β- Glucans
lichenan
Lichens, Cetraria islandica/
Umbilicaria proboscidea/
Thamnolia vermicularis var.
subuliformis/Peltigera canina
Immunomodulating Activity (Vester
Boler and Fahey 2011)
Schizophyllan
Fungi (Schizophyllum commune) Immunostimulatory (Wang et al. 2017)
Scleroglucan
Fungi (Athelia rolfsii)
Immunostimulatory (Synytsya and
Novák 2013)
Lentinan
Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)
Antitumor, immunomodulatory (Zhang
et al. 2011)
4 Bioactive Carbohydrates, Biological Activities, and Sources