494
nilotica and Tephrosia purpuria. The result obtained reveals that they all exhibits
antimicrobial activity against all the indigenous bacterial isolates from water,
soil and samples. Furthermore, greater antimicrobial activity was observed from
all the tested plant extract against E. coli when least efficacy was observed on
Streptococci spp.
Velmurugan and Parvathi (2017), evaluated the antifungal efficacy of Phyllodium
pulchellum L. Desv which belong to the family of Fabaceae. The active compound
in the plant was extracted using chloroform, aqueous and ethanol. The extract was
tested against Rhizhotonia solani, Colletotrichum falcatum, Aspergillus niger, and
Pencillium notatum. The result obtains revealed that the ethanolic extract exhibited
the highest microbial activity against all the tested isolates when compared to other
extracts. The higher antimicrobial activity might be linked to the presence of the
flavonoid (71.33 ± 4.172 mg/g), tannin (30.23 ± 3.025 mg/g) and phenol
(88.68 ± 2.081 mg/g) respectively. Their study shows that Phyllodium pulchellum
could be utilized as an antifungal agent for the fungal pathogens.
In Pakistan, Khan et al. (2018), demonstrated that Cichorium intybus ethanolic
extracts (18 μl/disc) inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae (a gram-negative bacterium) and made the 22.5 ± 0.5 mm zone of inhibition followed by 22 ± 0.1 mm zone
of inhibition against the gram-positive bacterium, B. subtilis and 19 ± 0.1 mm zone
of inhibition against the fungus, C. albican. Similarly, the methanolic extract of
Medicago sativa was found to inhibit B. subtilis (gram-positive bacterium), E. coli
(Gram negative bacterium) and the fungus, C. albican.
Heydari et al. (2019), evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and water fractions of five Lathyrus species, namely Lathyrus armenus, Lathyrus aureus,
Lathyrus cilicicus, Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, and Lathyrus pratensis,
growing in Turkey. The results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of the tested
species exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the other extracts. Among all
of the tested extracts and fractions, the highest anti-inflammatory activity was
detected in water fractions. Furthermore, water fractions of L. pratensis showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac sodium,
which were used as standard drugs in this assay.
22.4.9 Anti-parasitic Activities
Abdalla and Koko (2018), wrote a comprehensive review based on 53 studies
carried out during the period of 1986–2016. The review work was based on the
anti-parasitic activity of medicinal plants native to Sudan sourced from previous research work documented from short communications, research papers,
MSc and Ph.D. theses, published books, review papers. This data was collated
S. Das et al.
nilotica and Tephrosia purpuria. The result obtained reveals that they all exhibits
antimicrobial activity against all the indigenous bacterial isolates from water,
soil and samples. Furthermore, greater antimicrobial activity was observed from
all the tested plant extract against E. coli when least efficacy was observed on
Streptococci spp.
Velmurugan and Parvathi (2017), evaluated the antifungal efficacy of Phyllodium
pulchellum L. Desv which belong to the family of Fabaceae. The active compound
in the plant was extracted using chloroform, aqueous and ethanol. The extract was
tested against Rhizhotonia solani, Colletotrichum falcatum, Aspergillus niger, and
Pencillium notatum. The result obtains revealed that the ethanolic extract exhibited
the highest microbial activity against all the tested isolates when compared to other
extracts. The higher antimicrobial activity might be linked to the presence of the
flavonoid (71.33 ± 4.172 mg/g), tannin (30.23 ± 3.025 mg/g) and phenol
(88.68 ± 2.081 mg/g) respectively. Their study shows that Phyllodium pulchellum
could be utilized as an antifungal agent for the fungal pathogens.
In Pakistan, Khan et al. (2018), demonstrated that Cichorium intybus ethanolic
extracts (18 μl/disc) inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae (a gram-negative bacterium) and made the 22.5 ± 0.5 mm zone of inhibition followed by 22 ± 0.1 mm zone
of inhibition against the gram-positive bacterium, B. subtilis and 19 ± 0.1 mm zone
of inhibition against the fungus, C. albican. Similarly, the methanolic extract of
Medicago sativa was found to inhibit B. subtilis (gram-positive bacterium), E. coli
(Gram negative bacterium) and the fungus, C. albican.
Heydari et al. (2019), evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and water fractions of five Lathyrus species, namely Lathyrus armenus, Lathyrus aureus,
Lathyrus cilicicus, Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, and Lathyrus pratensis,
growing in Turkey. The results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of the tested
species exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the other extracts. Among all
of the tested extracts and fractions, the highest anti-inflammatory activity was
detected in water fractions. Furthermore, water fractions of L. pratensis showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac sodium,
which were used as standard drugs in this assay.
22.4.9 Anti-parasitic Activities
Abdalla and Koko (2018), wrote a comprehensive review based on 53 studies
carried out during the period of 1986–2016. The review work was based on the
anti-parasitic activity of medicinal plants native to Sudan sourced from previous research work documented from short communications, research papers,
MSc and Ph.D. theses, published books, review papers. This data was collated
S. Das et al.