432
β-carotene are majorly transported in LDLc, they are in a main position exhibits
LDLc protection from oxidation (Sesso et al. 2003). An evidence based-population
study is seen in the EURAMIC study, which indicated the relationship between
acute myocardial infarction and adipose tissue antioxidant state from about 10 different countries in Europe in more than 1500 subjects (Riccioni et al. 2016). In their
studies, a dose-response relationship between risk of myocardial infarction and
adipose tissue lycopene was observed. Also, they indicated that lycopene clearly
exhibited cardio-protective properties than observed in the result of β-carotene.
Moreover, individuals with maximum stores of polyunsaturated fat showed highest
protective role of lycopene (Rissanen et al. 2002). Thus, lycopene is directly associated to a decreased incidences of stroke, myocardial infarction, and lowered
carotid intima- media thickness as well as, inversely related to abdominal aorta calcified plaques (Rao and Rao 2007). In a similar study carried on Swedish and
Lithuanian population, it was reported that high cardiovascular risk and related
mortality due to coronary heart disease are related to lower level of lycopene
(Kaliora et al. 2006). Also, Lycopene prevents and inhibits cardiovascular diseases
by decreasing total cholesterol concentration in the serum (Kaliora et al. 2006).
Furthermore, the anti- atherogenic action of lycopene is related to anti-inflammatory functions, minor adhesion molecules expression, improved lipid homeostasis,
interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes (Libby 2002). This is achieved
by preventing the secretion of IL-1, which is the major factor in the process of
inflammation, stimulating the production of other pro-inflammatory markers and
the development of initial atherosclerotic plaques (Hu et al. 2008). Additionally, the
level of nitric oxide is influence by lycopene supplying to vasodilation, thus, inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis and related disorders (Dwyer et al. 2004).
In Los Angeles and Beijing atherosclerosis study, the degree of atherosclerosis is
inversely related to lutein. It was further stated that zeaxanthin, which is inversely
associated with pulse wave velocity, right common carotid artery and elastic modulus, may inhibits initial stage of atherosclerosis (Hozawa et al. 2009). Combined
treatment of dyslipidaemia with drugs and 9-cis-β-carotene stimulates the high
density lipoprotein increase in apolipoprotein of human (Hubacek and Bobkova
2006). Also, high level of β-carotene is related to elevated level of cGMP and bioavailability of nitric oxide which stimulate the down regulation of nuclear factor
kappa B (NF-κB) dependent adhesion factors in cells of endothelium. The regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of bile acid is inhabited by 9-cis-β-carotene at
mRNA level (Akbaraly et al. 2008). Thus, lowering the absorption of cholesterol in
the small intestine and also reduced the expression of other genes (ABCG1,
ABCG5, and ABCG8) that contributes to the metabolism of cholesterol. The cholesterol transporters are expressed in the hepatocyte and they play an essential part
in the excretion of cholesterol, thus lowers atherogenesis. Recently, it study on the
intake of vitamin C, D, E, B9, minerals and carotenoids and HbA1c relationship in
non-diabetic population has been investigated. It was reported that regular intake of
more than 6.8 mg/d carotenoid is inversely related to the level of HbA1c over a
period of 10 years (Khaw et al. 2004). The present of carotenoid in plasma after
A. Olatunde et al.
β-carotene are majorly transported in LDLc, they are in a main position exhibits
LDLc protection from oxidation (Sesso et al. 2003). An evidence based-population
study is seen in the EURAMIC study, which indicated the relationship between
acute myocardial infarction and adipose tissue antioxidant state from about 10 different countries in Europe in more than 1500 subjects (Riccioni et al. 2016). In their
studies, a dose-response relationship between risk of myocardial infarction and
adipose tissue lycopene was observed. Also, they indicated that lycopene clearly
exhibited cardio-protective properties than observed in the result of β-carotene.
Moreover, individuals with maximum stores of polyunsaturated fat showed highest
protective role of lycopene (Rissanen et al. 2002). Thus, lycopene is directly associated to a decreased incidences of stroke, myocardial infarction, and lowered
carotid intima- media thickness as well as, inversely related to abdominal aorta calcified plaques (Rao and Rao 2007). In a similar study carried on Swedish and
Lithuanian population, it was reported that high cardiovascular risk and related
mortality due to coronary heart disease are related to lower level of lycopene
(Kaliora et al. 2006). Also, Lycopene prevents and inhibits cardiovascular diseases
by decreasing total cholesterol concentration in the serum (Kaliora et al. 2006).
Furthermore, the anti- atherogenic action of lycopene is related to anti-inflammatory functions, minor adhesion molecules expression, improved lipid homeostasis,
interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes (Libby 2002). This is achieved
by preventing the secretion of IL-1, which is the major factor in the process of
inflammation, stimulating the production of other pro-inflammatory markers and
the development of initial atherosclerotic plaques (Hu et al. 2008). Additionally, the
level of nitric oxide is influence by lycopene supplying to vasodilation, thus, inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis and related disorders (Dwyer et al. 2004).
In Los Angeles and Beijing atherosclerosis study, the degree of atherosclerosis is
inversely related to lutein. It was further stated that zeaxanthin, which is inversely
associated with pulse wave velocity, right common carotid artery and elastic modulus, may inhibits initial stage of atherosclerosis (Hozawa et al. 2009). Combined
treatment of dyslipidaemia with drugs and 9-cis-β-carotene stimulates the high
density lipoprotein increase in apolipoprotein of human (Hubacek and Bobkova
2006). Also, high level of β-carotene is related to elevated level of cGMP and bioavailability of nitric oxide which stimulate the down regulation of nuclear factor
kappa B (NF-κB) dependent adhesion factors in cells of endothelium. The regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of bile acid is inhabited by 9-cis-β-carotene at
mRNA level (Akbaraly et al. 2008). Thus, lowering the absorption of cholesterol in
the small intestine and also reduced the expression of other genes (ABCG1,
ABCG5, and ABCG8) that contributes to the metabolism of cholesterol. The cholesterol transporters are expressed in the hepatocyte and they play an essential part
in the excretion of cholesterol, thus lowers atherogenesis. Recently, it study on the
intake of vitamin C, D, E, B9, minerals and carotenoids and HbA1c relationship in
non-diabetic population has been investigated. It was reported that regular intake of
more than 6.8 mg/d carotenoid is inversely related to the level of HbA1c over a
period of 10 years (Khaw et al. 2004). The present of carotenoid in plasma after
A. Olatunde et al.