319
carbohydrates of cell surface. It was reported that the lectins isolated from Clitocybe
nebularis, Pholiota adiposa, Narcissus tazetta, Xylaria hypoxylon, Russula lepida,
Russula delica and Hericium erinaceum possess anti-proliferative, immunomodulatory, anti-viral, anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities (Li et al. 2010; Liu et al.
2006; Ooi et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2010).
Mushrooms FIPs has been extracted from Ganoderma lucidium, Ganoderma
microsporum, Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea, Antrodia camphorate,
etc., and reported with immunomodulatory activity (Xu et al. 2011). They also prevent the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells and therefore can be used as adjuvants for treating tumour (Lin et al. 2010). Bioactive protein “RIPs” belongs to
enzyme class and has been extracted from several mushroom species including
Pleurotus tuberregium, Flammulina velutipes, Lyophyllum shimeiji, Calvatia caelata, and Hypsizigus marmoreus (Lam and Ng 2001; Lin et al. 2010; Ng et al. 2003;
Wang and Ng 2001a, b, 2006). They are capable to inactivate the ribosomes by
removing one or more adenosine from rRNA and also they help in inhibiting the
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and fungal proliferation (Puri et al. 2012). Like
RIPs, laccases also belong to the enzyme category, and are considered as a promising candidate in the field of industry and biotechnology. They are majorly isolated
from Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tricholoma mongolicum and Clitocybe
maxima, and reported for anti-viral and anti-proliferative activity (M EL-Fakharany
et al. 2010; Wang and Ng 2006; Zhang et al. 2010). They are known as Green tool/
green catalyst in the field of biotechnology and have immense applications in the
field of medicine, food, cosmetics, etc. (Agrawal et al. 2018). Ribonucleases,
another bioactive protein isolated from mushroom has been documented for their
antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Alves et al. 2013).
According to Rathore and co-workers (Rathore et al. 2017), the highest content
of crude protein has observed in Auricularia auricular (360 g/kg dry weight), followed by Pleurotus ostreatus (284 g/kg dry weight) and Lentinus edodes (228 g/kg
dry weight). The protein content from beneficial mushrooms in the past few years
are shown in Table 17.1. The higher content of protein have been determined in
Agaricus subrufescens (50.40 g/100 g dry weight), followed by Russula cyanoxantha (49.20 g/100 g dry weight), Craterellus cornucopioides (47.21 g/100 g dry
weight), Pleurotus geesteranu (39.80 g/100 g dry weight), Pleurotus ostreatus
(28.40 g/100 g dry weight), and Laccaria amethystea (29.84 g/100 g dry weight)
(Beluhan and Ranogajec 2011; Ikon et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019, 2012b; Srikram and
Supapvanich 2017), whereas the lowest protein content have been reported in
Pleurotus eryngii (2.09 g/100 g dry weight), followed by Helvella lacunose
(4.40 g/100 g dry weight), Boletus regius (5.22 g/100 g dry weight), Amanita curtipes (6.40 g/100 g dry weight) and Clitocybe subconnexa (7.42 g/100 g dry weight),
respectively (Fernandes et al. 2015; Heleno et al. 2015b; Leal et al. 2013; Reis et al.
2014). The research findings could confirm the anti-tumor, anti-viral and antiinflammatory activities of proteins isolated from mushrooms (Chatterjee et al. 2017;
Lin et al. 2010).
17 Mushroom: Nutraceutical, Mineral, Proximate Constituents and Bioactive…
carbohydrates of cell surface. It was reported that the lectins isolated from Clitocybe
nebularis, Pholiota adiposa, Narcissus tazetta, Xylaria hypoxylon, Russula lepida,
Russula delica and Hericium erinaceum possess anti-proliferative, immunomodulatory, anti-viral, anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities (Li et al. 2010; Liu et al.
2006; Ooi et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2010).
Mushrooms FIPs has been extracted from Ganoderma lucidium, Ganoderma
microsporum, Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea, Antrodia camphorate,
etc., and reported with immunomodulatory activity (Xu et al. 2011). They also prevent the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells and therefore can be used as adjuvants for treating tumour (Lin et al. 2010). Bioactive protein “RIPs” belongs to
enzyme class and has been extracted from several mushroom species including
Pleurotus tuberregium, Flammulina velutipes, Lyophyllum shimeiji, Calvatia caelata, and Hypsizigus marmoreus (Lam and Ng 2001; Lin et al. 2010; Ng et al. 2003;
Wang and Ng 2001a, b, 2006). They are capable to inactivate the ribosomes by
removing one or more adenosine from rRNA and also they help in inhibiting the
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and fungal proliferation (Puri et al. 2012). Like
RIPs, laccases also belong to the enzyme category, and are considered as a promising candidate in the field of industry and biotechnology. They are majorly isolated
from Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tricholoma mongolicum and Clitocybe
maxima, and reported for anti-viral and anti-proliferative activity (M EL-Fakharany
et al. 2010; Wang and Ng 2006; Zhang et al. 2010). They are known as Green tool/
green catalyst in the field of biotechnology and have immense applications in the
field of medicine, food, cosmetics, etc. (Agrawal et al. 2018). Ribonucleases,
another bioactive protein isolated from mushroom has been documented for their
antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Alves et al. 2013).
According to Rathore and co-workers (Rathore et al. 2017), the highest content
of crude protein has observed in Auricularia auricular (360 g/kg dry weight), followed by Pleurotus ostreatus (284 g/kg dry weight) and Lentinus edodes (228 g/kg
dry weight). The protein content from beneficial mushrooms in the past few years
are shown in Table 17.1. The higher content of protein have been determined in
Agaricus subrufescens (50.40 g/100 g dry weight), followed by Russula cyanoxantha (49.20 g/100 g dry weight), Craterellus cornucopioides (47.21 g/100 g dry
weight), Pleurotus geesteranu (39.80 g/100 g dry weight), Pleurotus ostreatus
(28.40 g/100 g dry weight), and Laccaria amethystea (29.84 g/100 g dry weight)
(Beluhan and Ranogajec 2011; Ikon et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019, 2012b; Srikram and
Supapvanich 2017), whereas the lowest protein content have been reported in
Pleurotus eryngii (2.09 g/100 g dry weight), followed by Helvella lacunose
(4.40 g/100 g dry weight), Boletus regius (5.22 g/100 g dry weight), Amanita curtipes (6.40 g/100 g dry weight) and Clitocybe subconnexa (7.42 g/100 g dry weight),
respectively (Fernandes et al. 2015; Heleno et al. 2015b; Leal et al. 2013; Reis et al.
2014). The research findings could confirm the anti-tumor, anti-viral and antiinflammatory activities of proteins isolated from mushrooms (Chatterjee et al. 2017;
Lin et al. 2010).
17 Mushroom: Nutraceutical, Mineral, Proximate Constituents and Bioactive…