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Flavanones These are flavonoids that are glycosylated at the seventh position to
give flavanones. A variety of flavanones are present in fruits and vegetables.
Hesperetin- regenerates vitamin C. It inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, replication of viruses like polio, herpes, and flu (Divya and Pandey 2014). They have
chemopreventive effects. They are used in treating hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and
lymphedema Naringenin acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidemic and vasoprotective (Gardana et al. 2007). Narirutin used in the treatment
of bronchial asthma (Funaguchi et al. 2007).
Flavonols They occur in un-glycosylated forms. It includes catechins and proanthocyanidins. Catechins (Flavan-3-ols) It acts as an anticarcinogen in the lungs,
stomach, esophagus, duodenum, liver, pancreas, mammary gland. It also prevents
chronic inflammation associated with carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease
(Cheynier et al. 2000). Quercetins effective in protecting Low Density Lipoprotein
from oxidation, followed by myricetin and kaempferol. It inhibits oxidation of LDL
thus reducing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases; inhibit colon cancer
(David et al. 2016). Kaempferol It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Proanthocyanidins. They are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their
gallic acid esters. They form tannins.
Anthocyanins These are watersoluble plant pigments, responsible for the red, blue
and purple colors of fruits (Rufino et al. 2010). Cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin,
peonidin and malvidin are the classes (Mazza and Miniati 1993). It has antioxidant
properties. It enhances immune suppressive mechanisms, anti-allergic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-cancer (uterine carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma) (Cheynier et al. 2000).
Flavones Apigenin, luteolin and tangeretin are important edible flavones. Apigeninused in the treatment of HIV, inflammatory bowel disease and skin conditions
(Duthie and Crozier 2000), prostate cancer and cervical cancer (Gupta et al. 2002).
Luteolin exhibits anti mutagenic, anti tumerigenic, antioxidant and has antiinflammatory properties (Kim et al. 1999). Tangeretin is a polymethoxylated flavone, stops cancer cell proliferation, breast cancer (Marc et al. 1999).
Carotenoids They inhibit the cell proliferation of human endometrium, mammary
gland, and lungs. β- Carotene neutralizes free radicals, which may damage cells.
β- Carotene and lutein are orange and yellow carotenoids. They minimize liver cancer and lung cancer (Pueyo and Polo 1992). Β Carotene boosts the activity of natural killer immune cells. It gives cornea protection against UV light. Zeaxanthin
grants to the preservation of healthy vision. Lutein may protect against colon cancer. Lycopene aids in the continuation of prostate health.
Phenolic Acids Separated into two classes- hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids.
Hydroxybenzoic acid-Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid are common types.
J. Kaparapu et al.
Flavanones These are flavonoids that are glycosylated at the seventh position to
give flavanones. A variety of flavanones are present in fruits and vegetables.
Hesperetin- regenerates vitamin C. It inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, replication of viruses like polio, herpes, and flu (Divya and Pandey 2014). They have
chemopreventive effects. They are used in treating hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and
lymphedema Naringenin acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidemic and vasoprotective (Gardana et al. 2007). Narirutin used in the treatment
of bronchial asthma (Funaguchi et al. 2007).
Flavonols They occur in un-glycosylated forms. It includes catechins and proanthocyanidins. Catechins (Flavan-3-ols) It acts as an anticarcinogen in the lungs,
stomach, esophagus, duodenum, liver, pancreas, mammary gland. It also prevents
chronic inflammation associated with carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease
(Cheynier et al. 2000). Quercetins effective in protecting Low Density Lipoprotein
from oxidation, followed by myricetin and kaempferol. It inhibits oxidation of LDL
thus reducing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases; inhibit colon cancer
(David et al. 2016). Kaempferol It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Proanthocyanidins. They are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their
gallic acid esters. They form tannins.
Anthocyanins These are watersoluble plant pigments, responsible for the red, blue
and purple colors of fruits (Rufino et al. 2010). Cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin,
peonidin and malvidin are the classes (Mazza and Miniati 1993). It has antioxidant
properties. It enhances immune suppressive mechanisms, anti-allergic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-cancer (uterine carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma) (Cheynier et al. 2000).
Flavones Apigenin, luteolin and tangeretin are important edible flavones. Apigeninused in the treatment of HIV, inflammatory bowel disease and skin conditions
(Duthie and Crozier 2000), prostate cancer and cervical cancer (Gupta et al. 2002).
Luteolin exhibits anti mutagenic, anti tumerigenic, antioxidant and has antiinflammatory properties (Kim et al. 1999). Tangeretin is a polymethoxylated flavone, stops cancer cell proliferation, breast cancer (Marc et al. 1999).
Carotenoids They inhibit the cell proliferation of human endometrium, mammary
gland, and lungs. β- Carotene neutralizes free radicals, which may damage cells.
β- Carotene and lutein are orange and yellow carotenoids. They minimize liver cancer and lung cancer (Pueyo and Polo 1992). Β Carotene boosts the activity of natural killer immune cells. It gives cornea protection against UV light. Zeaxanthin
grants to the preservation of healthy vision. Lutein may protect against colon cancer. Lycopene aids in the continuation of prostate health.
Phenolic Acids Separated into two classes- hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids.
Hydroxybenzoic acid-Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid are common types.
J. Kaparapu et al.