188
The probiotics when consumed stimulates the induction signals of bacteria on
their cell wall structure. Probiotic bacteria affect the Toll-like receptors present on
the gut epithelial cells or immune cells linked with lamina propria. This leads to
production of various cytokines and/or chemokines that create a microenvironment
in the gut lamina propria, bronchi and mammary glands to produce IgA. At the
same time, cytokines stimulated by probiotic bacteria lead to the expression of Treg
cells (Foxp3+) that maintain the immune homeostasis in the gut mucosa. Intestinal
epithelial cells produce chemo attractant protein 1 of macrophage. This sends signals to all other immune cells activating the immune system. There is an increase in
IgA A+ cells of the mammary glands, bronchus and intestine and T cell activation.
This then releases IL-10 by activating regulatory T cells. Probiotics strengthen the
intestinal barrier by increasing tight junctional proteins, mucin, goblet & paneth
cells. Probiotic bacteria administration primes a Th1 profile response, with high
dose of IL-10 and IFN-γ that play an important role in the immunomodulation.
10.7 Health Benefits of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics
in Various Diseases
10.7.1 Diarrhoea
According to WHO, the passage of more than three times of watery or loose stools
during a 24 h period can be termed as diarrhea. For the last 20 years, a lot of investigations are done on probiotic microorganisms to validate its efficacy in controlling
diarrhea using different experiments and appropriate well-designed clinical studies.
10.7.1.1 Acute Infantile Diarrhea
Acute infantile diarrhea caused by rotaviruses is the most studied gastrointestinal
condition and rapid oral rehydration is the primary treatment. Probiotics are useful
as adjunct to rehydration therapy. Saccharomyces boulardii prevented disease recurrence in individuals having numerous Clostridium difficile sequential infection. The
enzyme Protease from Saccharomyces boulardii blocks the intestinal receptor by
reducing the toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. It was also found to stimulate
specific intestinal antitoxin.
10.7.1.2 Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea (AAD)
The use of antibiotics lead to destruction of the local microflora and this is associated with clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain. This
diarrhea consists of defective resistance to pathogens and thus interruption of microbial flora in the gut leading to change in metabolism of carbohydrate, short-chain
S. Palai et al.
The probiotics when consumed stimulates the induction signals of bacteria on
their cell wall structure. Probiotic bacteria affect the Toll-like receptors present on
the gut epithelial cells or immune cells linked with lamina propria. This leads to
production of various cytokines and/or chemokines that create a microenvironment
in the gut lamina propria, bronchi and mammary glands to produce IgA. At the
same time, cytokines stimulated by probiotic bacteria lead to the expression of Treg
cells (Foxp3+) that maintain the immune homeostasis in the gut mucosa. Intestinal
epithelial cells produce chemo attractant protein 1 of macrophage. This sends signals to all other immune cells activating the immune system. There is an increase in
IgA A+ cells of the mammary glands, bronchus and intestine and T cell activation.
This then releases IL-10 by activating regulatory T cells. Probiotics strengthen the
intestinal barrier by increasing tight junctional proteins, mucin, goblet & paneth
cells. Probiotic bacteria administration primes a Th1 profile response, with high
dose of IL-10 and IFN-γ that play an important role in the immunomodulation.
10.7 Health Benefits of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics
in Various Diseases
10.7.1 Diarrhoea
According to WHO, the passage of more than three times of watery or loose stools
during a 24 h period can be termed as diarrhea. For the last 20 years, a lot of investigations are done on probiotic microorganisms to validate its efficacy in controlling
diarrhea using different experiments and appropriate well-designed clinical studies.
10.7.1.1 Acute Infantile Diarrhea
Acute infantile diarrhea caused by rotaviruses is the most studied gastrointestinal
condition and rapid oral rehydration is the primary treatment. Probiotics are useful
as adjunct to rehydration therapy. Saccharomyces boulardii prevented disease recurrence in individuals having numerous Clostridium difficile sequential infection. The
enzyme Protease from Saccharomyces boulardii blocks the intestinal receptor by
reducing the toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. It was also found to stimulate
specific intestinal antitoxin.
10.7.1.2 Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea (AAD)
The use of antibiotics lead to destruction of the local microflora and this is associated with clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain. This
diarrhea consists of defective resistance to pathogens and thus interruption of microbial flora in the gut leading to change in metabolism of carbohydrate, short-chain
S. Palai et al.