186
interaction as an adsorptive or trapping mechanism; (2) stimulation of the immune
system by interleukin, natural killer cells, Th1 immune response activity, and IgA
production; and (3) production of antiviral agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, lactic
acid, and bacteriocins) (Tapiovaara et al. 2016).
10.6.3 Cardiovascular System
Risks factors for cardiovascular illnesses are related to high levels of low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Genetic makeup, health, body
composition and states of pre-existing disease can also add on to the risk. The
change in gut microbe related to a disease state is linked with an individual’s diet.
Diet modification changes the gut bacterial composition which is vital for either
prophylaxis or cure of cardiac diseases. An imbalance in the microenvironment of
the gut can cause diseases other than in the GIT. Adding the probiotics have
improved disease states specifically, the metabolic syndrome-related cardiovascular
diseases like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cardio-arterial disease,
diabetes, cardiomyopathy. Probiotics are involved in host immune modulation and
affects the growth and function of organs. The cardiovascular disease state occurs
through altered gut microbes affecting the metabolic components. Probiotics supplement decreased the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in studies done recently.
An obesity study by Sanchet, et al. showed a significantly higher mean weight loss
among women given L.rhamosus compared to those given placebo; Moroti, et al.,
have seen lowering of blood glusoce levels by 38% among Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) subjects after giving L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and B. bifidum;
Kiessling, et al., stated that HDL cholesterol increased and LDL cholesterol
decreased after L. acidophilus and B. longum were given; and the study by Kawase,
et al., resulted in the lowering of the systolic blood pressure by the L. casei with
Streptococcus thermophiles (Antony and Ponce de Leon 2018).
10.6.4 Urinary System
In females, infection by the urinary pathogen is almost always through ascending
infection from the rectum and vagina to the urethra and bladder. The Lactobacillus
organisms that are normally present in the vagina of healthy women, spread from
the rectum and perineum and form a barrier in the vagina to bladder entry by uropathogens. The concept of artificially increasing the amount of lactobacilli through
probiotic administration has long been thought of, but only recently been shown to
be possible. Not all lactobacilli are effective, and to date clinical efficacy only exists
for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri B-54 and RC-14.
These strains are only commercially available in Austria, and therefore for most
S. Palai et al.
interaction as an adsorptive or trapping mechanism; (2) stimulation of the immune
system by interleukin, natural killer cells, Th1 immune response activity, and IgA
production; and (3) production of antiviral agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, lactic
acid, and bacteriocins) (Tapiovaara et al. 2016).
10.6.3 Cardiovascular System
Risks factors for cardiovascular illnesses are related to high levels of low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Genetic makeup, health, body
composition and states of pre-existing disease can also add on to the risk. The
change in gut microbe related to a disease state is linked with an individual’s diet.
Diet modification changes the gut bacterial composition which is vital for either
prophylaxis or cure of cardiac diseases. An imbalance in the microenvironment of
the gut can cause diseases other than in the GIT. Adding the probiotics have
improved disease states specifically, the metabolic syndrome-related cardiovascular
diseases like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cardio-arterial disease,
diabetes, cardiomyopathy. Probiotics are involved in host immune modulation and
affects the growth and function of organs. The cardiovascular disease state occurs
through altered gut microbes affecting the metabolic components. Probiotics supplement decreased the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in studies done recently.
An obesity study by Sanchet, et al. showed a significantly higher mean weight loss
among women given L.rhamosus compared to those given placebo; Moroti, et al.,
have seen lowering of blood glusoce levels by 38% among Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) subjects after giving L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and B. bifidum;
Kiessling, et al., stated that HDL cholesterol increased and LDL cholesterol
decreased after L. acidophilus and B. longum were given; and the study by Kawase,
et al., resulted in the lowering of the systolic blood pressure by the L. casei with
Streptococcus thermophiles (Antony and Ponce de Leon 2018).
10.6.4 Urinary System
In females, infection by the urinary pathogen is almost always through ascending
infection from the rectum and vagina to the urethra and bladder. The Lactobacillus
organisms that are normally present in the vagina of healthy women, spread from
the rectum and perineum and form a barrier in the vagina to bladder entry by uropathogens. The concept of artificially increasing the amount of lactobacilli through
probiotic administration has long been thought of, but only recently been shown to
be possible. Not all lactobacilli are effective, and to date clinical efficacy only exists
for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri B-54 and RC-14.
These strains are only commercially available in Austria, and therefore for most
S. Palai et al.