128
animals. It has been shown that in addition to adverse effects, such substances as:
phytic acid, phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitors, saponins, glucosinolates, etc.
have the ability to lower the sugar content, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
plasma, regulate insulin activity and the formation of excess free radicals. Therefore,
the anti-nutritional substances also have a beneficial effect, which is why it is very
important to set the rates of their collection so that the risk of ingestion is low, and
the action is optimal. Due to the potential nutritional benefits resulting from the
presence of secondary metabolites in the feed and their importance in ecology, they
do not always have to be anti-nutritional, because their role is multifaceted and
depends on various factors. These substances, from the nutritional point of view, are
considered unfavorable, but for plants they are a natural protection against pests and
diseases. Plants selected to lower the level of secondary metabolites lose these protective barriers and are more exposed to the negative effects of the environment.
Secondary metabolites play an important role in the nutrition of both humans and
animals. It has been shown that in addition to adverse effects, such substances as:
phytic acid, phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitors, saponins, glucosinolates, etc.
have the ability to lower the sugar content, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
plasma, regulate insulin activity and the formation of excess free radicals. Therefore,
the anti-nutritional substances also have a beneficial effect, which is why it is very
important to set the rates of their collection so that the risk of ingestion is low, and
the action is optimal. Due to the potential nutritional benefits resulting from the
presence of secondary metabolites in the feed and their importance in ecology, they
do not always have to be anti-nutritional, because their role is multifaceted and
depends on various factors. Particularly high intensity of the negative impact of
these substances may occur in the case of feeding single-species feed in large quantities or for a longer period of time. High disposable doses of feed containing antinutritive substances may cause acute poisoning, whereas feeding such feed for a
longer period may cause chronic diseases or disturbances in the reproduction of
animals (Sawicka et al. 2000; Reckling et al. 2016).
Plant proteins are usually derived from legumes plant. Commercial acceptance
of genetically modified (GM) food and plants called genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), created as a result of recent innovations in agricultural biotechnology, has
caused widespread controversy related to the environmental and economic benefits
of food and animals in a wider social range, cultural values and ethical (Stewart
2009). Many initiatives have been taken to sensitize people to the ecological responsibility of breeding animals and to increase interest in alternative proteins. Plantbased proteins are also typically harder to digest than animal proteins, due to their
high concentration of insoluble polysaccharides. Despite this, there are increasing
concerns about the high levels of saturated fats and cholesterol found in foods of
animal origin, which are linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and
diabetes, leading the nutritionists and organizations to recommend more varied diet
rich in plant-based proteins (Reckling et al. 2016; Anonymous 2018a).
Commercial adoption of genetically modified (GM) foods and crops called as
genetically modified organisms (GMO) created through recent innovations in agricultural biotechnology has triggered widespread controversy over the
B. Sawicka et al.
animals. It has been shown that in addition to adverse effects, such substances as:
phytic acid, phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitors, saponins, glucosinolates, etc.
have the ability to lower the sugar content, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
plasma, regulate insulin activity and the formation of excess free radicals. Therefore,
the anti-nutritional substances also have a beneficial effect, which is why it is very
important to set the rates of their collection so that the risk of ingestion is low, and
the action is optimal. Due to the potential nutritional benefits resulting from the
presence of secondary metabolites in the feed and their importance in ecology, they
do not always have to be anti-nutritional, because their role is multifaceted and
depends on various factors. These substances, from the nutritional point of view, are
considered unfavorable, but for plants they are a natural protection against pests and
diseases. Plants selected to lower the level of secondary metabolites lose these protective barriers and are more exposed to the negative effects of the environment.
Secondary metabolites play an important role in the nutrition of both humans and
animals. It has been shown that in addition to adverse effects, such substances as:
phytic acid, phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitors, saponins, glucosinolates, etc.
have the ability to lower the sugar content, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
plasma, regulate insulin activity and the formation of excess free radicals. Therefore,
the anti-nutritional substances also have a beneficial effect, which is why it is very
important to set the rates of their collection so that the risk of ingestion is low, and
the action is optimal. Due to the potential nutritional benefits resulting from the
presence of secondary metabolites in the feed and their importance in ecology, they
do not always have to be anti-nutritional, because their role is multifaceted and
depends on various factors. Particularly high intensity of the negative impact of
these substances may occur in the case of feeding single-species feed in large quantities or for a longer period of time. High disposable doses of feed containing antinutritive substances may cause acute poisoning, whereas feeding such feed for a
longer period may cause chronic diseases or disturbances in the reproduction of
animals (Sawicka et al. 2000; Reckling et al. 2016).
Plant proteins are usually derived from legumes plant. Commercial acceptance
of genetically modified (GM) food and plants called genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), created as a result of recent innovations in agricultural biotechnology, has
caused widespread controversy related to the environmental and economic benefits
of food and animals in a wider social range, cultural values and ethical (Stewart
2009). Many initiatives have been taken to sensitize people to the ecological responsibility of breeding animals and to increase interest in alternative proteins. Plantbased proteins are also typically harder to digest than animal proteins, due to their
high concentration of insoluble polysaccharides. Despite this, there are increasing
concerns about the high levels of saturated fats and cholesterol found in foods of
animal origin, which are linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and
diabetes, leading the nutritionists and organizations to recommend more varied diet
rich in plant-based proteins (Reckling et al. 2016; Anonymous 2018a).
Commercial adoption of genetically modified (GM) foods and crops called as
genetically modified organisms (GMO) created through recent innovations in agricultural biotechnology has triggered widespread controversy over the
B. Sawicka et al.