123
physiological effects demonstrated on animal models. However, prolaminates from
some cereals, including wheat, barley and rye, cause biologically active anti-nutritive peptides after proteolysis that are able to adversely affect in vivo the intestinal
mucosa of celiac patients, while prolaminates from other cereals, such as corn and
rice is not. Bioactivities associated with peptides derived from oat, barley and wheat
proteins include opioid activity, while rice protein contains the RGD sequence and
no visceral toxicity, which may be beneficial for health and nutrition (Colgan 1993;
Iwaniak and Dziuba 2009; Buczyńska and Szadkowska-Stańczyk 2010; Deng and
Chow 2010; Cunsolo et al. 2012; Malaguti et al. 2014; Demeyer et al. 2015;
Gangopadhyay et al. 2016; Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020). From an
agricultural point of view, the use of varieties, environmental conditions and agricultural practices can affect the bioactive content of peptides in cereal proteins.
7.3.9 Productivity of Legumens
Some plants have unique advantages, e.g. legumes have a unique ability to bind
nitrogen of the legumes, soy is a very important source of protein, but 85% of its
production is used to produce animals and fish (Sawicka et al. 2000; Anonymous
2018b). However, the desire to increase soy production in response to increased
demand for animal protein is associated with deforestation and habitat loss, especially in South America. Ethical issues are connected with this, because about
12 million hectares of arable land, outside Europe, is necessary to ensure feed for
European livestock production (Klunder et al. 2012; Kalembasa et al. 2014;
Szymańska et al. 2017; Symanowicz et al. 2018).
The amount of nitrogen from the biological reduction process in the yellow
lupine biomass harvested in the flowering phase was lower after using a larger dose
of this component, while in the phase of full maturity this relationship was reversed
(Kalembasa et al. 2014) proofs that. The amount of nitrogen from the fertilizer
increased with increasing nitrogen dose. The percentage share of nitrogen from the
biological reduction process in the yellow lupine biomass was similar in the flowering phase (53.4%) and full maturity (51.6%). However, the share of nitrogen from
fertilizer was higher in the first day of the lupine harvest than in the II period, while
in the case of nitrogen collected from the soil the dependence was reversed.
Diversified nitrogen fertilization therefore does not significantly affect the percentage of nitrogen from biological reduction in yellow lupine (Tables 7.3 and 7.4). This
species fertilized with a higher dose of nitrogen contained a higher percentage of
this element originating from fertilizer, and a smaller one from soil stocks than after
using a smaller dose. It is possible, therefore, to increase the nitrogen content of
seeds not only through the natural binding of nitrogen from the air. However, an
increase in the outlay on industrial means of production in higher-intensity technologies caused a decrease in the gross agricultural income value (Kalembasa et al.
2014; Szymańska et al. 2017).
7 Alternative and New Protein Sources
physiological effects demonstrated on animal models. However, prolaminates from
some cereals, including wheat, barley and rye, cause biologically active anti-nutritive peptides after proteolysis that are able to adversely affect in vivo the intestinal
mucosa of celiac patients, while prolaminates from other cereals, such as corn and
rice is not. Bioactivities associated with peptides derived from oat, barley and wheat
proteins include opioid activity, while rice protein contains the RGD sequence and
no visceral toxicity, which may be beneficial for health and nutrition (Colgan 1993;
Iwaniak and Dziuba 2009; Buczyńska and Szadkowska-Stańczyk 2010; Deng and
Chow 2010; Cunsolo et al. 2012; Malaguti et al. 2014; Demeyer et al. 2015;
Gangopadhyay et al. 2016; Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020). From an
agricultural point of view, the use of varieties, environmental conditions and agricultural practices can affect the bioactive content of peptides in cereal proteins.
7.3.9 Productivity of Legumens
Some plants have unique advantages, e.g. legumes have a unique ability to bind
nitrogen of the legumes, soy is a very important source of protein, but 85% of its
production is used to produce animals and fish (Sawicka et al. 2000; Anonymous
2018b). However, the desire to increase soy production in response to increased
demand for animal protein is associated with deforestation and habitat loss, especially in South America. Ethical issues are connected with this, because about
12 million hectares of arable land, outside Europe, is necessary to ensure feed for
European livestock production (Klunder et al. 2012; Kalembasa et al. 2014;
Szymańska et al. 2017; Symanowicz et al. 2018).
The amount of nitrogen from the biological reduction process in the yellow
lupine biomass harvested in the flowering phase was lower after using a larger dose
of this component, while in the phase of full maturity this relationship was reversed
(Kalembasa et al. 2014) proofs that. The amount of nitrogen from the fertilizer
increased with increasing nitrogen dose. The percentage share of nitrogen from the
biological reduction process in the yellow lupine biomass was similar in the flowering phase (53.4%) and full maturity (51.6%). However, the share of nitrogen from
fertilizer was higher in the first day of the lupine harvest than in the II period, while
in the case of nitrogen collected from the soil the dependence was reversed.
Diversified nitrogen fertilization therefore does not significantly affect the percentage of nitrogen from biological reduction in yellow lupine (Tables 7.3 and 7.4). This
species fertilized with a higher dose of nitrogen contained a higher percentage of
this element originating from fertilizer, and a smaller one from soil stocks than after
using a smaller dose. It is possible, therefore, to increase the nitrogen content of
seeds not only through the natural binding of nitrogen from the air. However, an
increase in the outlay on industrial means of production in higher-intensity technologies caused a decrease in the gross agricultural income value (Kalembasa et al.
2014; Szymańska et al. 2017).
7 Alternative and New Protein Sources