11.9.2 Disadvantages of Parasitoids in Biological Pest Management
• Highly susceptible to insecticides, especially adults.
• Adults require an alternative food source such as pollen or nectar.
Table 11.7 (continued)
Crop
Pest
Promising
bioagent
Stage of
pest
Kind of
biocontrol
agent
Coccinella
septempunctuata
Linn.
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Rice
Stem borer, Scirpophaga
incertules (Walk.)
Trichogramma
chilonis Ishii
Egg
Parasitoid
Tetrastichus
Schoenobii Ferr.
Egg
Parasitoid
Leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis (Guen.)
Trichogramma
japonicum
Ashmead
Egg
Parasitoid
Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens
and leafhopper
Cyrtorhinus
lividipennis Rent
Egg
Predator
Gall midge, Orseolia oryzae
(wood mason)
Platygaster
oryzae Cam.
Egg
Parasitoid
Maize and
jowar
Stem borer, Chilo partellus
(swinhoe)
Cotesia flavipes
Cam.
Egg
Parasitoid
Trichogramma
exiguum
Egg
Parasitoid
Trichogramma
chilonis Ishii
Egg
Parasitoid
Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis
Coccinella
septempunctuata
Linn.
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Chrysoperla
carnea
(Stephens)
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Menochilus
sexmaculata
(Fabr.)
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Groundnut Hairy caterpillar, Amsacta
albistriga (Wlk.) mustard aphid,
Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)
Telenomus
manolus Nixon
Egg
Viral
pathogen
Brumoides
suturalis (Fabr.)
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Chrysoperla
carnea (St.)
Nymph
and
adult
Predator
Source: Gautam (2008)
256
M. Rajamani and A. Negi