• Synergies: Joint action of several functions that reinforce each other and produce
a more significant final effect.
• Efficiency: The practices produce more using less external resources.
• Recycling: In the cycle, recycling means agricultural production with lower
economic and minimal environmental costs.
• Resilience: The diversity in the systems supports a more resilient, higher capacity
to recover from disturbances, including extreme weather (droughts, floods, or
hurricanes), and to resist pests and diseases.
• Human and social values: The system strongly emphasizes on human and social
values such as dignity, equity, inclusion, and justice.
• Culture and food traditions: It contributes to food security and nutrition by
maintaining the health of ecosystems.
• Responsible governance: Sustainable food and agriculture entail transparent,
responsible, and effective governance mechanisms at all lines, from local to
national.
• Circular and solidarity economy: The maximum use of resources and reuse of
waste in other processes.
In the context of environmental issues, agricultural cultivation is currently carried
out with an ecological-based management approach with sustainable agriculture
principles in the context of human development as the basis (Sumodiningrat
2000). Sustainable agriculture systems are the management of biological natural
resources in producing agricultural commodities to meet human needs appropriately
and sustainably while maintaining or improving the quality of the environment and
conserving natural resources (Govind and Stigter 2010). In this context,
sustainability referred to the economic sustainability that can be achieved by the
use of less energy, minimizing ecological damage, and the use of biological cycles in
an agricultural community. Sustainable agriculture systems are devised based on
usefulness, sustainability, sovereignty, cohesiveness, togetherness, self-sufficiency,
openness, fair efficiency, local wisdom, the sustainability of environmental
functions, and state protection (Anonymous 2019).
Sustainable agricultural systems in agroecosystems are mostly a paradigm of
agricultural management that integrates three elements of economic, ecological, and
social dimensions (D’Amato et al. 2019); thus, the benefits can be enjoyed by the
present and future generations. Nevertheless, various ecological implications of
sustainable agriculture require the understanding of related stakeholders, namely
the farmers, the government as a policymaker, and the researcher or mentor (Govind
and Stigter 2010). In the economic term, sustainable means that a development
activity must be able to support economic growth and utilize the resources and
investment efficiently. In the ecological context, sustainable means the activities
must be able to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, maintain the carrying
capacity of the environment, and the conservation of natural resources, including
biodiversity. In the social context, sustainable development activity should be able to
create equitable results, social mobility, and institutional development.
214
C. Agus et al.
a more significant final effect.
• Efficiency: The practices produce more using less external resources.
• Recycling: In the cycle, recycling means agricultural production with lower
economic and minimal environmental costs.
• Resilience: The diversity in the systems supports a more resilient, higher capacity
to recover from disturbances, including extreme weather (droughts, floods, or
hurricanes), and to resist pests and diseases.
• Human and social values: The system strongly emphasizes on human and social
values such as dignity, equity, inclusion, and justice.
• Culture and food traditions: It contributes to food security and nutrition by
maintaining the health of ecosystems.
• Responsible governance: Sustainable food and agriculture entail transparent,
responsible, and effective governance mechanisms at all lines, from local to
national.
• Circular and solidarity economy: The maximum use of resources and reuse of
waste in other processes.
In the context of environmental issues, agricultural cultivation is currently carried
out with an ecological-based management approach with sustainable agriculture
principles in the context of human development as the basis (Sumodiningrat
2000). Sustainable agriculture systems are the management of biological natural
resources in producing agricultural commodities to meet human needs appropriately
and sustainably while maintaining or improving the quality of the environment and
conserving natural resources (Govind and Stigter 2010). In this context,
sustainability referred to the economic sustainability that can be achieved by the
use of less energy, minimizing ecological damage, and the use of biological cycles in
an agricultural community. Sustainable agriculture systems are devised based on
usefulness, sustainability, sovereignty, cohesiveness, togetherness, self-sufficiency,
openness, fair efficiency, local wisdom, the sustainability of environmental
functions, and state protection (Anonymous 2019).
Sustainable agricultural systems in agroecosystems are mostly a paradigm of
agricultural management that integrates three elements of economic, ecological, and
social dimensions (D’Amato et al. 2019); thus, the benefits can be enjoyed by the
present and future generations. Nevertheless, various ecological implications of
sustainable agriculture require the understanding of related stakeholders, namely
the farmers, the government as a policymaker, and the researcher or mentor (Govind
and Stigter 2010). In the economic term, sustainable means that a development
activity must be able to support economic growth and utilize the resources and
investment efficiently. In the ecological context, sustainable means the activities
must be able to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, maintain the carrying
capacity of the environment, and the conservation of natural resources, including
biodiversity. In the social context, sustainable development activity should be able to
create equitable results, social mobility, and institutional development.
214
C. Agus et al.