142
A. Panasiuk
2 City Tourism
One of the functions of cities is the tourist function. The significance of this function
is increasing, which results from the fact that cities are more and more often chosen
as destinations for tourist trips for various motives. They also constitute tourist transit
traffic (Bramwell 1998). However, since cities are multifunctional by design, there
is a system of relations between the tourist function and other cities that is implemented by the city. City tourism is one of the most dynamically developing forms of
tourism (Ashwort and Page 2011; Maitland and Ritchie 2010), becoming in many
destinations one of the most important elements of shaping economic effects (Postma
et al. 2017), being the basis of the creation of socio-economic development (Karski
1990) by influencing tourist entrepreneurship in cities (Bednarczyk 2010; Douglas
and Derrett 2001), the labour market (Ladkin 2011) and the standard of living (Kim
et al. 2013; Andereck and Jurowski 2006).It is difficult to interpret urban tourism
unequivocally, due to the wide spectrum of motives of tourist arrivals that shapetourist consumption in cities (Edwards et al. 2008; Gospodini 2001). Urban tourism
that is often interpreted as metropolitan (Hall 2002) is associated with the destination
to which tourist traffic is directed. It is an urban area, or, more broadly, a metropolitan
area, with extensive urban infrastructure including transport, stay (accommodation
and catering), cultural, sport and recreation, entertainment, commercial, communal
and other services forboth the needs of tourist traffic and the needs of permanent
residents of cities (Rani 2017; Panasiuk 2007). Typical goals attracting tourists to
cities are: sightseeing, culture, business, sports, family and social interaction, and
shopping. An important element that generates urban tourist traffic is the organization of events, which, in large metropolises, are often spectacular in nature and
temporarily affect highly intensified tourism. These events pertain to sport, culture,
entertainment, commerce and conferences. However, in the case of some cities, they
are also recreational, health-centered (including spa and wellness) and religious in
nature.
A city that has destination tourist traffic directed toit is a tourist destination
(Borzyszkowski 2012). A tourist destination from the point of view of demand
(a direction tourist traffic goes to) is understood as the destination (city) associated with its characteristic functions and properties (Leiper 2004). According to
the considerations, a tourist destination should be understood in terms of subject.
It is a single entity (institution) or a set of tourist market entities operating in the
tourist area, dealing with creating conditions for practicing tourism and creating,
and sharing and promoting a tourist offer in this area (Kesi´ c and Pawli´ c 2001).
In this approach therefore, a destination is not only a place. It is also a system of
institutions managing the tourist offerings of a city (urban tourist product) that the
competent entities representing the destination are responsible for (Page and Connell
1993; Meler 1998), including the implementation of tasks in the field of sustainable
development. The entities that institutionally create urban tourist destinations are as
follows: the city’s local government, local tourist organizations, economic tourist
A. Panasiuk
2 City Tourism
One of the functions of cities is the tourist function. The significance of this function
is increasing, which results from the fact that cities are more and more often chosen
as destinations for tourist trips for various motives. They also constitute tourist transit
traffic (Bramwell 1998). However, since cities are multifunctional by design, there
is a system of relations between the tourist function and other cities that is implemented by the city. City tourism is one of the most dynamically developing forms of
tourism (Ashwort and Page 2011; Maitland and Ritchie 2010), becoming in many
destinations one of the most important elements of shaping economic effects (Postma
et al. 2017), being the basis of the creation of socio-economic development (Karski
1990) by influencing tourist entrepreneurship in cities (Bednarczyk 2010; Douglas
and Derrett 2001), the labour market (Ladkin 2011) and the standard of living (Kim
et al. 2013; Andereck and Jurowski 2006).It is difficult to interpret urban tourism
unequivocally, due to the wide spectrum of motives of tourist arrivals that shapetourist consumption in cities (Edwards et al. 2008; Gospodini 2001). Urban tourism
that is often interpreted as metropolitan (Hall 2002) is associated with the destination
to which tourist traffic is directed. It is an urban area, or, more broadly, a metropolitan
area, with extensive urban infrastructure including transport, stay (accommodation
and catering), cultural, sport and recreation, entertainment, commercial, communal
and other services forboth the needs of tourist traffic and the needs of permanent
residents of cities (Rani 2017; Panasiuk 2007). Typical goals attracting tourists to
cities are: sightseeing, culture, business, sports, family and social interaction, and
shopping. An important element that generates urban tourist traffic is the organization of events, which, in large metropolises, are often spectacular in nature and
temporarily affect highly intensified tourism. These events pertain to sport, culture,
entertainment, commerce and conferences. However, in the case of some cities, they
are also recreational, health-centered (including spa and wellness) and religious in
nature.
A city that has destination tourist traffic directed toit is a tourist destination
(Borzyszkowski 2012). A tourist destination from the point of view of demand
(a direction tourist traffic goes to) is understood as the destination (city) associated with its characteristic functions and properties (Leiper 2004). According to
the considerations, a tourist destination should be understood in terms of subject.
It is a single entity (institution) or a set of tourist market entities operating in the
tourist area, dealing with creating conditions for practicing tourism and creating,
and sharing and promoting a tourist offer in this area (Kesi´ c and Pawli´ c 2001).
In this approach therefore, a destination is not only a place. It is also a system of
institutions managing the tourist offerings of a city (urban tourist product) that the
competent entities representing the destination are responsible for (Page and Connell
1993; Meler 1998), including the implementation of tasks in the field of sustainable
development. The entities that institutionally create urban tourist destinations are as
follows: the city’s local government, local tourist organizations, economic tourist