Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC): 4-km
Gridded Radar-Estimated Precipitation (GRIB) Stage IV data are used. The third
data set was from gauge data with the spatial coverage of the Parameter-elevation
Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data. The two watersheds in
South Carolina were examined for three different representations of heavy rainfall,
using the HEC-HMS developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. From the
analysis it was found that the latter two precipitation inputs that consider spatial
representation of rainfall yielded similar performance and improved simulated
streamflow as compared to simulations using rainfall observed at individual meteorological gauges. This method is used in locations that lack rain gauges (Gao et al.
2018).
European Union
In European Union countries such as Belgium, England, France, Netherlands,
Poland, and Sweden, a legal and policy analysis of implementation of flood directives is provided. These directives are implemented at a national level for effective
flood directives on increasing societal resilience. The study also shows a focus on
transboundary river basin management and flood risk management. The studies lack
a modeling approach, and flood risk management planning strategies are generally
recommended (Priest et al. 2016).
Cities in Germany
German cities are frequently affected by flood. During years 2002 and 2013, floods
caused a total damage cost of 6–8 billion Euro in Germany, the most expensive
natural hazard event in Germany up to now. The event of 2002 recommends an
integrated flood risk management system in Germany to cope with floods and to
achieve effective and more integrated flood risk management. Flood risk management recommends a consideration of flood hazards in spatial planning and urban
development, property-level mitigation and preparedness measures, more effective
flood warnings, and improved coordination of disaster response. The continuous
flood occurrence in these cities considers risk drivers, such as climate change, land
use changes, and demographic change, to reduce flood risk assessment in these cities
(Annegret et al. 2016).
Riyadh City
The surface runoff in the watershed of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia, was estimated by
the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) method. The remote sensing
technique along with GIS is used to estimate SCS-CN for the watersheds of Riyadh
city. The data used in the study are DEM, soil map, geology map, satellite images,
3 Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with. . .
53
Gridded Radar-Estimated Precipitation (GRIB) Stage IV data are used. The third
data set was from gauge data with the spatial coverage of the Parameter-elevation
Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data. The two watersheds in
South Carolina were examined for three different representations of heavy rainfall,
using the HEC-HMS developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. From the
analysis it was found that the latter two precipitation inputs that consider spatial
representation of rainfall yielded similar performance and improved simulated
streamflow as compared to simulations using rainfall observed at individual meteorological gauges. This method is used in locations that lack rain gauges (Gao et al.
2018).
European Union
In European Union countries such as Belgium, England, France, Netherlands,
Poland, and Sweden, a legal and policy analysis of implementation of flood directives is provided. These directives are implemented at a national level for effective
flood directives on increasing societal resilience. The study also shows a focus on
transboundary river basin management and flood risk management. The studies lack
a modeling approach, and flood risk management planning strategies are generally
recommended (Priest et al. 2016).
Cities in Germany
German cities are frequently affected by flood. During years 2002 and 2013, floods
caused a total damage cost of 6–8 billion Euro in Germany, the most expensive
natural hazard event in Germany up to now. The event of 2002 recommends an
integrated flood risk management system in Germany to cope with floods and to
achieve effective and more integrated flood risk management. Flood risk management recommends a consideration of flood hazards in spatial planning and urban
development, property-level mitigation and preparedness measures, more effective
flood warnings, and improved coordination of disaster response. The continuous
flood occurrence in these cities considers risk drivers, such as climate change, land
use changes, and demographic change, to reduce flood risk assessment in these cities
(Annegret et al. 2016).
Riyadh City
The surface runoff in the watershed of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia, was estimated by
the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) method. The remote sensing
technique along with GIS is used to estimate SCS-CN for the watersheds of Riyadh
city. The data used in the study are DEM, soil map, geology map, satellite images,
3 Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with. . .
53