Pakistan in the form of mud volcanos, geysers, and hot springs (Zaigham et al. 2009,
Ahmed and Rashid 2010; Bakr 1965; Kheli et al. Kheli et al. 1979; Bukhari 2000).
The northern field, Chagai, Karachi, etc., contains several geothermal possibilities.
Geothermal springs have strong brine temperatures in the northwest region of
Baluchistan, although these springs have moderate brine temperatures in south
Baluchistan. The geothermal springs in the Indus delta and Western Sind region
are of low and medium enthalpy. Similarly, the geothermal springs in southwestern
and northern Punjab areas have low enthalpy. Such geothermal reserves are located
along Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and Main
Karakorum Thrust (MKT), involved in the creation of the Indian and Eurasian
plate collisions (Bakht 2000).
India
India boasts seven major geothermal regions. However, although many geothermal
tasks are underway in India, no power station has ever been installed. One such
initiative is the outcome of a partnership between Norway and the Himalayan
provinces of India. The objective of this cooperation is to determine multiple indirect
and direct uses of the geothermal resources in India. Two demonstration systems
have been used for this research to investigate the space heating usages of these lowand medium-enthalpy aquifers, which have improved the living standards of the
native community. Because the region has a very limited energy supply, about 3 h/
day, and the winter temperature drops to below 20
C, the area population practically
depends on hydrocarbon fuel and coal for heating purposes.
Researchers working in this field have evaluated the resource capacity and heat
load for warming restaurants and hotels and have succeeded in installing heating
systems that sustain the indoor air temperature at around 20
C. Solar farms are
utilized as a resource to sustain the uninterrupted supply of heat pumps. These types
of initiatives are important in increasing the life span and overall standard of living
for communities in these areas that are marked by fuel deprivation and relative
isolation as well as the potential for geothermal resources (Richter 2016).
The proposal to create 10,000 MW of electricity by 2030 has been declared by
India in partnership with the best geothermal electricity production companies
including New Zealand, Mexico, Philippines, and the USA. Tattapani,
Chhumathang, Puga, Manikaran, Cambay basin, Ratnagiri, and Rajgir are among
the explored geothermal locations in India. The initiative forms part of the government’s commitment to expand the proportion of renewables to 350 GW by 2030
(Richter 2016).
Indian Geothermal Projects
In 1973, under the wings of the Geological Survey of India, a geothermal study was
actively undertaken and about 340 active geothermal spots were identified. About
11 potential geothermal regions have been identified so far. Almost all of these seem
to have potential at temperatures around 100
–120
C whereas others seem to have
aquifers at a depth of 1–3 km with measured 200
–250
C enthalpies.
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
253
Ahmed and Rashid 2010; Bakr 1965; Kheli et al. Kheli et al. 1979; Bukhari 2000).
The northern field, Chagai, Karachi, etc., contains several geothermal possibilities.
Geothermal springs have strong brine temperatures in the northwest region of
Baluchistan, although these springs have moderate brine temperatures in south
Baluchistan. The geothermal springs in the Indus delta and Western Sind region
are of low and medium enthalpy. Similarly, the geothermal springs in southwestern
and northern Punjab areas have low enthalpy. Such geothermal reserves are located
along Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and Main
Karakorum Thrust (MKT), involved in the creation of the Indian and Eurasian
plate collisions (Bakht 2000).
India
India boasts seven major geothermal regions. However, although many geothermal
tasks are underway in India, no power station has ever been installed. One such
initiative is the outcome of a partnership between Norway and the Himalayan
provinces of India. The objective of this cooperation is to determine multiple indirect
and direct uses of the geothermal resources in India. Two demonstration systems
have been used for this research to investigate the space heating usages of these lowand medium-enthalpy aquifers, which have improved the living standards of the
native community. Because the region has a very limited energy supply, about 3 h/
day, and the winter temperature drops to below 20
C, the area population practically
depends on hydrocarbon fuel and coal for heating purposes.
Researchers working in this field have evaluated the resource capacity and heat
load for warming restaurants and hotels and have succeeded in installing heating
systems that sustain the indoor air temperature at around 20
C. Solar farms are
utilized as a resource to sustain the uninterrupted supply of heat pumps. These types
of initiatives are important in increasing the life span and overall standard of living
for communities in these areas that are marked by fuel deprivation and relative
isolation as well as the potential for geothermal resources (Richter 2016).
The proposal to create 10,000 MW of electricity by 2030 has been declared by
India in partnership with the best geothermal electricity production companies
including New Zealand, Mexico, Philippines, and the USA. Tattapani,
Chhumathang, Puga, Manikaran, Cambay basin, Ratnagiri, and Rajgir are among
the explored geothermal locations in India. The initiative forms part of the government’s commitment to expand the proportion of renewables to 350 GW by 2030
(Richter 2016).
Indian Geothermal Projects
In 1973, under the wings of the Geological Survey of India, a geothermal study was
actively undertaken and about 340 active geothermal spots were identified. About
11 potential geothermal regions have been identified so far. Almost all of these seem
to have potential at temperatures around 100
–120
C whereas others seem to have
aquifers at a depth of 1–3 km with measured 200
–250
C enthalpies.
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
253