74.88
E), Udupi (13.3389
N 74.7451
E), and Uttara Kannada (14.6
N 74.7
E),
where Mangalore, Udupi, and Karwar form the headquarters of these districts,
respectively (Vinaya Kumar et al. 2017). The coast lie to the west of Karnataka
and forms the northern part of the Malabar coast. Kanara, Canara, and Karavali are
other popular names for coastal Karnataka or the Karnataka coast. Kanara is
surrounded by coastline to the west, which is flooded by the Arabian Sea, a vast
landscape of Western Ghats to the east, Konkan to the north, which forms the
western coastline of India, and to the south lie the Kerala Plains. Kanara stretches
from the village of Talapady to the south to the village of Majali to the north,
covering a distance of 320 km and a width of 64 km in the south. The Western Ghats
act as a geographical barrier to the southwest monsoon (June–September) which
accounts for 90% of annual rainfall over the west coastal belt. The Sharavathi, the
Mandavi, the Kalinadi, the Gangavalli, the Aghanashini, the Varahi, the Chakra
Nadi, the Barapole, and the Netravathy are the west-flowing rivers of Karnataka that
eventually merge with the Arabian Sea, forming a vast delta region. The most
common type of soil found in the coastal region of Karnataka is alluvial soil,
which is composed of sand, clay, and silt formed by the deposition of alluvium
and sedimentary particles carried down by rivers and deposited over the estuaries.
Alluvial soils are rich in organic nutrients, so cashew, coconut, banana, paddy, and
other crops are grown in this type of soil. Agriculture is the primary occupation of
the state: about 65% of the people depend on agriculture activities for their livelihood. Of 190.5 lakh hectares of land, only 125.93 lakh hectares is suitable for
agriculture [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in]. Fishing is also a major occupation
next to agriculture. A temperate climate prevails along the coastal regions of
Karnataka, with an average temperature of 33
in the summer and 20
in the winter.
It is mostly humid in the coastal regions. This chapter paper discusses the relationship between El Nino, Southern Oscillation, and sea surface temperature with that of
the summer monsoon rainfall of coastal Karnataka.
India is the second most populous country in the world with a rich heritage and
culture. India has diverse geographical features that make the study of its physical
features more fascinating. Indian rainfall shows drastic variations from region to
region and year to year Normand (1953).The Indian summer monsoon rainfall
(June–September) is very important for disaster management planning, economic
development, and the hydrology of our country (Guhathakurta and Rajeevan 2008).
Several studies have analyzed rainfall on annual as well as seasonal time scales in
peninsular India (Pramanik and Jagannathan 1954; Parthasarathy and Dhar 1978;
Parthasarathy 1984; Mooley and Parthasarathy 1984; Parthasarathy et al. 1993).
Linear trend analysis has been made for each of the 306 stations of IITM and its
spatial pattern studied (Kumar et al. 1992). Nonparametric statistical tests such as the
Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were used for trend analysis of
seasonal and annual rainfall of coastal Karnataka (Vinaya Kumar et al. 2017).
Coastal Karnataka receives heavy rain because of the orographic effect (Soman
and Kumar 1990). The monsoon season is responsible for 84–90% of the annual
rainfall. The post-monsoon season contributes 6.2–9.5% of the annual rainfall, the
winter season accounts for 0.2–0.6% of annual rainfall, and the summer season
228
A. Stanley Raj and B. Chendhoor
E), Udupi (13.3389
N 74.7451
E), and Uttara Kannada (14.6
N 74.7
E),
where Mangalore, Udupi, and Karwar form the headquarters of these districts,
respectively (Vinaya Kumar et al. 2017). The coast lie to the west of Karnataka
and forms the northern part of the Malabar coast. Kanara, Canara, and Karavali are
other popular names for coastal Karnataka or the Karnataka coast. Kanara is
surrounded by coastline to the west, which is flooded by the Arabian Sea, a vast
landscape of Western Ghats to the east, Konkan to the north, which forms the
western coastline of India, and to the south lie the Kerala Plains. Kanara stretches
from the village of Talapady to the south to the village of Majali to the north,
covering a distance of 320 km and a width of 64 km in the south. The Western Ghats
act as a geographical barrier to the southwest monsoon (June–September) which
accounts for 90% of annual rainfall over the west coastal belt. The Sharavathi, the
Mandavi, the Kalinadi, the Gangavalli, the Aghanashini, the Varahi, the Chakra
Nadi, the Barapole, and the Netravathy are the west-flowing rivers of Karnataka that
eventually merge with the Arabian Sea, forming a vast delta region. The most
common type of soil found in the coastal region of Karnataka is alluvial soil,
which is composed of sand, clay, and silt formed by the deposition of alluvium
and sedimentary particles carried down by rivers and deposited over the estuaries.
Alluvial soils are rich in organic nutrients, so cashew, coconut, banana, paddy, and
other crops are grown in this type of soil. Agriculture is the primary occupation of
the state: about 65% of the people depend on agriculture activities for their livelihood. Of 190.5 lakh hectares of land, only 125.93 lakh hectares is suitable for
agriculture [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in]. Fishing is also a major occupation
next to agriculture. A temperate climate prevails along the coastal regions of
Karnataka, with an average temperature of 33
in the summer and 20
in the winter.
It is mostly humid in the coastal regions. This chapter paper discusses the relationship between El Nino, Southern Oscillation, and sea surface temperature with that of
the summer monsoon rainfall of coastal Karnataka.
India is the second most populous country in the world with a rich heritage and
culture. India has diverse geographical features that make the study of its physical
features more fascinating. Indian rainfall shows drastic variations from region to
region and year to year Normand (1953).The Indian summer monsoon rainfall
(June–September) is very important for disaster management planning, economic
development, and the hydrology of our country (Guhathakurta and Rajeevan 2008).
Several studies have analyzed rainfall on annual as well as seasonal time scales in
peninsular India (Pramanik and Jagannathan 1954; Parthasarathy and Dhar 1978;
Parthasarathy 1984; Mooley and Parthasarathy 1984; Parthasarathy et al. 1993).
Linear trend analysis has been made for each of the 306 stations of IITM and its
spatial pattern studied (Kumar et al. 1992). Nonparametric statistical tests such as the
Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were used for trend analysis of
seasonal and annual rainfall of coastal Karnataka (Vinaya Kumar et al. 2017).
Coastal Karnataka receives heavy rain because of the orographic effect (Soman
and Kumar 1990). The monsoon season is responsible for 84–90% of the annual
rainfall. The post-monsoon season contributes 6.2–9.5% of the annual rainfall, the
winter season accounts for 0.2–0.6% of annual rainfall, and the summer season
228
A. Stanley Raj and B. Chendhoor