blocks located near the coast are practicing a large number of adaptation strategies to
cope with the disasters because these blocks are more vulnerable to coastal disasters.
However, these adaptation strategies are not effective because of the low socioeconomic status of the communities. Government intervention in construction, protection of river embankments, and planting of riparian forests may help in reducing
river bank erosion. New policy interventions oriented toward improving accessibility to food, healthcare, water, and sanitation may be effective in lessening vulnerability among these communities. The socioeconomic profiles and social networks of
these communities need to be strengthened to enhance their adaptive capacity.
Diversification in livelihood, and development of improved communication, transportation, and access to markets and services, would support existing and alternative
livelihoods for the Sundarban community.
References
Ahamed M (2013) Community based approach for reducing vulnerability to natural hazards
(cyclone, storm surges) in coastal belt of Bangladesh. Procedia Environ Sci 17:361–371
Ahammed KB, Pandey AC (2019) Coastal social vulnerability and risk analysis for cyclone hazard
along the Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 69(4):285–303
Allison MA, Khan SR, Goodbred SL Jr, Kuehl SA (2003) Stratigraphic evolution of the late
Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra lower delta plain. Sediment Geol 155(3–4):317–342. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00185-9
Antony GM, Rao KV (2007) A composite index to explain variations in poverty, health, nutritional
status and standard of living: use of multivariate statistical methods. Public Health 121
(8):578–587
Aon (2020) Weather, climate & catastrophe insight: 2019 annual report. http://thoughtleadership.
a o n . c o m / D o c u m e n t s / 2 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 - i f- n a t c a t 2 0 2 0 . p d f ? u t m _ s o u r c e ¼c er o s & u t m _
medium¼storypage&utm_campaign¼natcat20. Accessed 10th June 2020
Baills A, Garcin M, Bulteau T (2020) Assessment of selected climate change adaptation measures
for coastal areas. Ocean Coast Manag 185:105059
Boelhouwer J, Stoop I (1999) Measuring well-being in the Netherlands: the SCP index from 1974 to
1997. Soc Indic Res 48(1):51–75
Census of India (2011) Primary census abstracts. Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.
in/pca/Searchdata.aspx. Accessed 25th June 2020
Danda A (2010) Sundarbans: future imperfect climate adaptation report. World Wide Fund for
Nature, New Delhi
de Campos RS, Codjoe SNA, Adger WN, Mortreux C, Hazra S, Siddiqui T et al (2020) Where
people live and move in deltas. In: Deltas in the Anthropocene. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp
153–177
DECCMA (2017) The Mahanadi delta: understanding the present state of climate change, adaptation and migration. https://generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk/deccma/wp-content/uploads/sites/
181/2017/10/68439-A4-DECCMA-MD_final_web.pdf. Accessed 10th June 2020
Fotso JC, Kuate-Defo B (2005) Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing
countries: should we be focusing on households, communities or both? Soc Indic Res 72
(2):189–237
120
M. Sahana et al.
cope with the disasters because these blocks are more vulnerable to coastal disasters.
However, these adaptation strategies are not effective because of the low socioeconomic status of the communities. Government intervention in construction, protection of river embankments, and planting of riparian forests may help in reducing
river bank erosion. New policy interventions oriented toward improving accessibility to food, healthcare, water, and sanitation may be effective in lessening vulnerability among these communities. The socioeconomic profiles and social networks of
these communities need to be strengthened to enhance their adaptive capacity.
Diversification in livelihood, and development of improved communication, transportation, and access to markets and services, would support existing and alternative
livelihoods for the Sundarban community.
References
Ahamed M (2013) Community based approach for reducing vulnerability to natural hazards
(cyclone, storm surges) in coastal belt of Bangladesh. Procedia Environ Sci 17:361–371
Ahammed KB, Pandey AC (2019) Coastal social vulnerability and risk analysis for cyclone hazard
along the Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India. KN J Cartogr Geogr Inf 69(4):285–303
Allison MA, Khan SR, Goodbred SL Jr, Kuehl SA (2003) Stratigraphic evolution of the late
Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra lower delta plain. Sediment Geol 155(3–4):317–342. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00185-9
Antony GM, Rao KV (2007) A composite index to explain variations in poverty, health, nutritional
status and standard of living: use of multivariate statistical methods. Public Health 121
(8):578–587
Aon (2020) Weather, climate & catastrophe insight: 2019 annual report. http://thoughtleadership.
a o n . c o m / D o c u m e n t s / 2 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 - i f- n a t c a t 2 0 2 0 . p d f ? u t m _ s o u r c e ¼c er o s & u t m _
medium¼storypage&utm_campaign¼natcat20. Accessed 10th June 2020
Baills A, Garcin M, Bulteau T (2020) Assessment of selected climate change adaptation measures
for coastal areas. Ocean Coast Manag 185:105059
Boelhouwer J, Stoop I (1999) Measuring well-being in the Netherlands: the SCP index from 1974 to
1997. Soc Indic Res 48(1):51–75
Census of India (2011) Primary census abstracts. Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.
in/pca/Searchdata.aspx. Accessed 25th June 2020
Danda A (2010) Sundarbans: future imperfect climate adaptation report. World Wide Fund for
Nature, New Delhi
de Campos RS, Codjoe SNA, Adger WN, Mortreux C, Hazra S, Siddiqui T et al (2020) Where
people live and move in deltas. In: Deltas in the Anthropocene. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp
153–177
DECCMA (2017) The Mahanadi delta: understanding the present state of climate change, adaptation and migration. https://generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk/deccma/wp-content/uploads/sites/
181/2017/10/68439-A4-DECCMA-MD_final_web.pdf. Accessed 10th June 2020
Fotso JC, Kuate-Defo B (2005) Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing
countries: should we be focusing on households, communities or both? Soc Indic Res 72
(2):189–237
120
M. Sahana et al.