understory vegetation, and surface soil sampling were performed in a single stand of
Picea abies located in Elend. Soil samples were collected at five sites (A–E) along
seven transects (A, B, C, D1–3, and E), to capture differences in microtopography.
The slope was measured at 1-m intervals along the seven transects, ranging in length
from 10 to 114 m, and surface soil samples (approximately 0–5 cm in depth) were
collected at 86 points along the transects, followed by vegetation surveys and soil
analyses. Understory vegetation was classified as (1): Dicotyledoneae; (2):
Monocotyledoneae; (3): Lichens and Bryophyta and was evaluated qualitatively
by intensity (+ to +++).
Analyses of soil properties were carried out on air-dried soil samples that had
been passed through a 0.5-mm sieve for determination of total carbon and nitrogen
contents and a 2.0-mm sieve for other analyses. Soil pH values in H 2 O and KCl were
measured by using the glass electrode method, using soil suspended in 5Â volume of
H 2 O and 1 M KCl, respectively. The content of Al Ex was determined using soil
extracted with 1 M KCl, according to the method of Blakemore et al. (1987). The
extract was titrated with 0.01 M NaOH, 4 mL of NaF was added, and the content of
Al Ex was estimated by titration with 0.01 M HCl. To measure Al p , soil samples were
shaken in sodium pyrophosphate for 16 h and then analyzed using inductively
coupled plasma spectrometry (ICPS-1000IV, Shimadzu Corp.). The total carbon
(T-C) and nitrogen (T-N) contents were measured by the dry combustion method
using a NC-analyzer (NC-80, Sumica Chemical Analysis Service Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan). The Melanic Index (MI) and Pg index (PI) were determined by the procedure
0
1
2
0
0 . 6
1 . 2
Al p /Al o
Exchangeable-Al (g kg
-1
soil)
0mg/g soil
0-0.1
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.04.99
Magnitude of the
sclerotium grain density
0.54
0
1
2
0
0 . 6
1 . 2
Al p /Al o
Exchangeable-Al (g kg
-1
soil)
0mg/g soil
0-0.1
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.04.99
Magnitude of the
sclerotium grain density
0.54
Fig. 10.5 The relationship of organic bonding aluminum to amorphous aluminum (Al p /Al o ) and
exchangeable aluminum content (Al Ex , g kg
À1
), showing sclerotia grain density. (Reproduced from
Watanabe et al. 2004, Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com)
184
M. Watanabe and N. Sakagami
Picea abies located in Elend. Soil samples were collected at five sites (A–E) along
seven transects (A, B, C, D1–3, and E), to capture differences in microtopography.
The slope was measured at 1-m intervals along the seven transects, ranging in length
from 10 to 114 m, and surface soil samples (approximately 0–5 cm in depth) were
collected at 86 points along the transects, followed by vegetation surveys and soil
analyses. Understory vegetation was classified as (1): Dicotyledoneae; (2):
Monocotyledoneae; (3): Lichens and Bryophyta and was evaluated qualitatively
by intensity (+ to +++).
Analyses of soil properties were carried out on air-dried soil samples that had
been passed through a 0.5-mm sieve for determination of total carbon and nitrogen
contents and a 2.0-mm sieve for other analyses. Soil pH values in H 2 O and KCl were
measured by using the glass electrode method, using soil suspended in 5Â volume of
H 2 O and 1 M KCl, respectively. The content of Al Ex was determined using soil
extracted with 1 M KCl, according to the method of Blakemore et al. (1987). The
extract was titrated with 0.01 M NaOH, 4 mL of NaF was added, and the content of
Al Ex was estimated by titration with 0.01 M HCl. To measure Al p , soil samples were
shaken in sodium pyrophosphate for 16 h and then analyzed using inductively
coupled plasma spectrometry (ICPS-1000IV, Shimadzu Corp.). The total carbon
(T-C) and nitrogen (T-N) contents were measured by the dry combustion method
using a NC-analyzer (NC-80, Sumica Chemical Analysis Service Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan). The Melanic Index (MI) and Pg index (PI) were determined by the procedure
0
1
2
0
0 . 6
1 . 2
Al p /Al o
Exchangeable-Al (g kg
-1
soil)
0mg/g soil
0-0.1
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.04.99
Magnitude of the
sclerotium grain density
0.54
0
1
2
0
0 . 6
1 . 2
Al p /Al o
Exchangeable-Al (g kg
-1
soil)
0mg/g soil
0-0.1
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.04.99
Magnitude of the
sclerotium grain density
0.54
Fig. 10.5 The relationship of organic bonding aluminum to amorphous aluminum (Al p /Al o ) and
exchangeable aluminum content (Al Ex , g kg
À1
), showing sclerotia grain density. (Reproduced from
Watanabe et al. 2004, Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com)
184
M. Watanabe and N. Sakagami