Cope, A. C., & Mehta, A. S. (1963). Mechanism of the Hofmann
elimination reaction: An ylide intermediate in the pyrolysis of a
highly branched quaternary hydroxide. Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 85.
Ghalloussi, R., Garcia-Vasquez, W., Chaabane, L., Dammak, L.,
Larchet, C., Deabate, S. V., et al. (2013). Ageing of ion-exchange
membranes in electrodialysis: A structural and physicochemical
investigation. Journal of Membrane Science, 436, 68–78.
Ghigo, G., Cagnina, S., Maranzana, A., & Tonachini, G. (2010). The
mechanism of the Stevens and Sommelet-Hauser rearrangements.
A theoretical study. The Journal of organic chemistry, 75, 3608–3617.
Grebenyuk, V. D., Chebotareva, R. D., Peters, S., & Linkov, V. (1998).
Surface modification of anion-exchange electrodialysis membranes
to enhance anti-fouling characteristics. Desalination, 115, 313–329.
Hirayama, K. (1993). Analysis of properties of advanced ion-exchange
membranes: Neosepta CIMS and ACS-2. In 7th Symposium on Salt
(pp. 53–58).
Hübner, G., & Roduner, E. (1999). EPR investigation of HO
/ radical
initiated degradation reactions of sulfonated aromatics as model
compounds for fuel cell proton conducting membranes. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 9, 409–418.
Hui, W., Xuehao, W., Jia, G., Yongxing, C., Jingjing, G., Lijuan, L., &
Xiulian, R. (2016). Present status and development trend of
modification of ion-exchange membranes. Inorganic Chemicals
Industry, 48, 1–4.
Hwang, U.-S., & Choi, J.-H. (2006). Changes in the electrochemical
characteristics of a bipolar membrane immersed in high concentration of alkaline solutions. Separation and Purification Technology,
48, 16–23.
Jingrong, Y., Baolian, Y., Danmin, X., Fuqiang, L., Zhigang, S.,
Yongzhu, F., & Huamin, Z. (2003). Degradation mechanism of
polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane and application of its composite membranes in fuel cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,
5, 611–615.
Jun, S., Quan, Y., Congjie, G. (2001). Membrane technical manual
(Vol. 28, pp. 127).
Krol, J. J., Wessling, M., & Strathmann, H. (1999). Concentration
polarization with monopolar ion exchange membranes: Current–
voltage curves and water dissociation. Journal of Membrane
Science, 162, 145–154.
Laconti, A. B., Hamdan, M., & McDonald, R. C. (2003). Mechanisms
of membrane degradation.
Li, J., Wang, Y., Yang, C., Long, G., & Shen, H. (1998). Membrane
catalytic deprotonation effects. Journal of Membrane Science, 147,
247–256.
Lindén, L. Å, Rabek, J. F., Kaczmarek, H., Kaminska, A., & Scoponi,
M. (1993). Photooxidative degradation of polymers by HOxxx and
HO2xxx radicals generated during the photolysis of H 2 O 2 , FeCl 3 , and
Fenton reagents. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 125, 195–217.
Lu, L., Zhi-juan, Z., Ya, L., Shao-yuan, S., Xin-min, W., Li-ying, W.,
& Lin, L. (2015). Research progress in fouling of ion exchange
membrane for electrodialysis desalination of industrial wastewater.
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 15, 881–891.
Mani, K. N. (1991). Electrodialysis water splitting technology. Journal
of Membrane Science, 58, 117–138.
Mavrov, V., Pusch, W., Kominek, O., & Wheelwright, S. (1993).
Concentration polarization and water splitting at electrodialysis
membranes. Desalination, 91, 225–252.
Merle, G., Wessling, M., & Nijmeijer, K. (2011). Anion exchange
membranes for alkaline fuel cells: A review. Journal of Membrane
Science, 377, 1–35.
Mulder, B. M. (1998). Basic principles of membrane technology.
Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie, 203, 263–263.
Ngai Yin, Y., Vermaas, D. A., Kitty, N., & Menachem, E. (2014).
Thermodynamic, energy efficiency, and power density analysis of
reverse electrodialysis power generation with natural salinity
gradients. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 4925–4936.
Norcross, B. E. (1993). Advanced organic chemistry: Reactions,
mechanisms, and structure (4th ed.) (March, Jerry). Journal of
Chemical Education, 70.
Panchenko, D. (2004). MÖLler, Sixt, Roduner, In situ EPR investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane degradation in fuel cell
applications. Journal of Power Sources, 127, 325–330.
Pozio, A., Silva, R. F., Francesco, M. D., & Giorgi, L. (2003). Nafion
degradation in PEFCs from end plate iron contamination. Electrochimica Acta, 48, 1543–1549.
Raucq, D., Pourcelly, G., & Gavach, C. (1993). Production of sulphuric
acid and caustic soda from sodium sulphate by electromembrane
processes. Comparison between electro-electrodialysis and electrodialysis on bipolar membrane. Desalination, 91, 163–175.
Rubinstein, I. (1984). Effects of deviation from local electroneutrality
upon electro-diffusional ionic transport across a cation-selective
membrane. Reactive Polymers Ion Exchangers Sorbents, 2, 117–131.
Rubinstein, I., & Maletzki, F. (1991). Electroconvection at an
electrically inhomogeneous permselective membrane surface. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 87, 2079–2087.
Rubinstein, I., & Segel, L. A. (1979). Breakdown of a stationary
solution to the Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations. Journal of the
Chemical Society Faraday Transactions Molecular & Chemical
Physics, 75, 936–940.
Rubinstein, I., & Shtilman, L. (1979). Voltage against current curves of
cation exchange membranes. Journal of the Chemical Society
Faraday Transactions, 75, 231–246.
Rubinstein, I., Staude, E., & Kedem, O. (1988). Role of the membrane
surface in concentration polarization at ion-exchange membrane.
Desalination, 69, 101–114.
Rubinstein, I., Warshawsky, A., Schechtman, L., & Kedem, O. (1984).
Elimination of acid-base generation (‘water-splitting’) in electrodialysis. Desalination, 51, 55–60.
Samms, S. R., Wasmus, S., & Savinell, R. F. (1996). Thermal stability
of Nafion
® in simulated fuel cell environments. Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, 143, 1498–1504.
Sarapulova, V., Nevakshenova, E., Nebavskaya, X., Kozmai, A.,
Aleshkina, D., Pourcelly, G., & Pismenskaya, N. (2018). Characterization of bulk and surface properties of anion-exchange
membranes in initial stages of fouling by red wine. Journal of
Membrane Science, 559, 170–182.
Sata, T. (2004). Ion exchange membranes: Preparation, characterization, modification and application. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Sata, T., Tsujimoto, M., Yamaguchi, T., & Matsusaki, K. (1996).
Change of anion exchange membranes in an aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution at high temperature. Journal of Membrane
Science, 112, 161–170.
Simons, R. (1984). Electric field effects on proton transfer between
ionizable groups and water in ion exchange membranes. Electrochimica Acta, 29, 151–158.
Strathmann, H. (2010). Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a
multitude of new applications. Desalination, 264, 268–288.
Tanaka, Y. (2015a). Fundamental properties of ion exchange membranes. In Ion exchange membranes (pp. 29–65).
Tanaka, Y. (2015b). Fuel cell. In Ion exchange membranes (pp. 459–
470).
Tanaka, Y. (2015c). Bipolar membrane electrodialysis. In Ion exchange
membranes (pp. 369–392).
Tanaka, Y. (2015d). Concentration polarization. In Ion exchange
membranes (pp. 101–121).
Tanaka, N., Nagase, M., & Higa, M. (2011). Preparation of
aliphatic-hydrocarbon-based anion-exchange membranes and their
anti-organic-fouling properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 384,
27–36.
Aging and Degradation of Ion-Exchange Membranes
37
elimination reaction: An ylide intermediate in the pyrolysis of a
highly branched quaternary hydroxide. Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 85.
Ghalloussi, R., Garcia-Vasquez, W., Chaabane, L., Dammak, L.,
Larchet, C., Deabate, S. V., et al. (2013). Ageing of ion-exchange
membranes in electrodialysis: A structural and physicochemical
investigation. Journal of Membrane Science, 436, 68–78.
Ghigo, G., Cagnina, S., Maranzana, A., & Tonachini, G. (2010). The
mechanism of the Stevens and Sommelet-Hauser rearrangements.
A theoretical study. The Journal of organic chemistry, 75, 3608–3617.
Grebenyuk, V. D., Chebotareva, R. D., Peters, S., & Linkov, V. (1998).
Surface modification of anion-exchange electrodialysis membranes
to enhance anti-fouling characteristics. Desalination, 115, 313–329.
Hirayama, K. (1993). Analysis of properties of advanced ion-exchange
membranes: Neosepta CIMS and ACS-2. In 7th Symposium on Salt
(pp. 53–58).
Hübner, G., & Roduner, E. (1999). EPR investigation of HO
/ radical
initiated degradation reactions of sulfonated aromatics as model
compounds for fuel cell proton conducting membranes. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 9, 409–418.
Hui, W., Xuehao, W., Jia, G., Yongxing, C., Jingjing, G., Lijuan, L., &
Xiulian, R. (2016). Present status and development trend of
modification of ion-exchange membranes. Inorganic Chemicals
Industry, 48, 1–4.
Hwang, U.-S., & Choi, J.-H. (2006). Changes in the electrochemical
characteristics of a bipolar membrane immersed in high concentration of alkaline solutions. Separation and Purification Technology,
48, 16–23.
Jingrong, Y., Baolian, Y., Danmin, X., Fuqiang, L., Zhigang, S.,
Yongzhu, F., & Huamin, Z. (2003). Degradation mechanism of
polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane and application of its composite membranes in fuel cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,
5, 611–615.
Jun, S., Quan, Y., Congjie, G. (2001). Membrane technical manual
(Vol. 28, pp. 127).
Krol, J. J., Wessling, M., & Strathmann, H. (1999). Concentration
polarization with monopolar ion exchange membranes: Current–
voltage curves and water dissociation. Journal of Membrane
Science, 162, 145–154.
Laconti, A. B., Hamdan, M., & McDonald, R. C. (2003). Mechanisms
of membrane degradation.
Li, J., Wang, Y., Yang, C., Long, G., & Shen, H. (1998). Membrane
catalytic deprotonation effects. Journal of Membrane Science, 147,
247–256.
Lindén, L. Å, Rabek, J. F., Kaczmarek, H., Kaminska, A., & Scoponi,
M. (1993). Photooxidative degradation of polymers by HOxxx and
HO2xxx radicals generated during the photolysis of H 2 O 2 , FeCl 3 , and
Fenton reagents. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 125, 195–217.
Lu, L., Zhi-juan, Z., Ya, L., Shao-yuan, S., Xin-min, W., Li-ying, W.,
& Lin, L. (2015). Research progress in fouling of ion exchange
membrane for electrodialysis desalination of industrial wastewater.
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 15, 881–891.
Mani, K. N. (1991). Electrodialysis water splitting technology. Journal
of Membrane Science, 58, 117–138.
Mavrov, V., Pusch, W., Kominek, O., & Wheelwright, S. (1993).
Concentration polarization and water splitting at electrodialysis
membranes. Desalination, 91, 225–252.
Merle, G., Wessling, M., & Nijmeijer, K. (2011). Anion exchange
membranes for alkaline fuel cells: A review. Journal of Membrane
Science, 377, 1–35.
Mulder, B. M. (1998). Basic principles of membrane technology.
Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie, 203, 263–263.
Ngai Yin, Y., Vermaas, D. A., Kitty, N., & Menachem, E. (2014).
Thermodynamic, energy efficiency, and power density analysis of
reverse electrodialysis power generation with natural salinity
gradients. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 4925–4936.
Norcross, B. E. (1993). Advanced organic chemistry: Reactions,
mechanisms, and structure (4th ed.) (March, Jerry). Journal of
Chemical Education, 70.
Panchenko, D. (2004). MÖLler, Sixt, Roduner, In situ EPR investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane degradation in fuel cell
applications. Journal of Power Sources, 127, 325–330.
Pozio, A., Silva, R. F., Francesco, M. D., & Giorgi, L. (2003). Nafion
degradation in PEFCs from end plate iron contamination. Electrochimica Acta, 48, 1543–1549.
Raucq, D., Pourcelly, G., & Gavach, C. (1993). Production of sulphuric
acid and caustic soda from sodium sulphate by electromembrane
processes. Comparison between electro-electrodialysis and electrodialysis on bipolar membrane. Desalination, 91, 163–175.
Rubinstein, I. (1984). Effects of deviation from local electroneutrality
upon electro-diffusional ionic transport across a cation-selective
membrane. Reactive Polymers Ion Exchangers Sorbents, 2, 117–131.
Rubinstein, I., & Maletzki, F. (1991). Electroconvection at an
electrically inhomogeneous permselective membrane surface. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 87, 2079–2087.
Rubinstein, I., & Segel, L. A. (1979). Breakdown of a stationary
solution to the Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations. Journal of the
Chemical Society Faraday Transactions Molecular & Chemical
Physics, 75, 936–940.
Rubinstein, I., & Shtilman, L. (1979). Voltage against current curves of
cation exchange membranes. Journal of the Chemical Society
Faraday Transactions, 75, 231–246.
Rubinstein, I., Staude, E., & Kedem, O. (1988). Role of the membrane
surface in concentration polarization at ion-exchange membrane.
Desalination, 69, 101–114.
Rubinstein, I., Warshawsky, A., Schechtman, L., & Kedem, O. (1984).
Elimination of acid-base generation (‘water-splitting’) in electrodialysis. Desalination, 51, 55–60.
Samms, S. R., Wasmus, S., & Savinell, R. F. (1996). Thermal stability
of Nafion
® in simulated fuel cell environments. Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, 143, 1498–1504.
Sarapulova, V., Nevakshenova, E., Nebavskaya, X., Kozmai, A.,
Aleshkina, D., Pourcelly, G., & Pismenskaya, N. (2018). Characterization of bulk and surface properties of anion-exchange
membranes in initial stages of fouling by red wine. Journal of
Membrane Science, 559, 170–182.
Sata, T. (2004). Ion exchange membranes: Preparation, characterization, modification and application. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Sata, T., Tsujimoto, M., Yamaguchi, T., & Matsusaki, K. (1996).
Change of anion exchange membranes in an aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution at high temperature. Journal of Membrane
Science, 112, 161–170.
Simons, R. (1984). Electric field effects on proton transfer between
ionizable groups and water in ion exchange membranes. Electrochimica Acta, 29, 151–158.
Strathmann, H. (2010). Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a
multitude of new applications. Desalination, 264, 268–288.
Tanaka, Y. (2015a). Fundamental properties of ion exchange membranes. In Ion exchange membranes (pp. 29–65).
Tanaka, Y. (2015b). Fuel cell. In Ion exchange membranes (pp. 459–
470).
Tanaka, Y. (2015c). Bipolar membrane electrodialysis. In Ion exchange
membranes (pp. 369–392).
Tanaka, Y. (2015d). Concentration polarization. In Ion exchange
membranes (pp. 101–121).
Tanaka, N., Nagase, M., & Higa, M. (2011). Preparation of
aliphatic-hydrocarbon-based anion-exchange membranes and their
anti-organic-fouling properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 384,
27–36.
Aging and Degradation of Ion-Exchange Membranes
37